Chapter 16: Europe Expands Overseas Section I: CONQUESTS IN THE Americas

1. Dominique World History Period 5 Chapter 16: Europe Expands Overseas Section I: CONQUESTS IN THE Americas

2. A. Main Idea: The four voyages of Christopher Columbus were the start of the colonization of the Americas. A. The Voyages of Columbus

3. A Route West • Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, was a skilled sailor and expedition organizer who wanted to discover a new route to the riches of Asia. • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain financed or payed for his voyage. • Columbus’ plan had two flaws. First, he thought the distance around Earth was less than it actually is. Second, he thought Earth had more land than water. A. Conquests in the America

4. The First Journey • Columbus’s fleet set sail from Spain on August 3, 1492. • The fleet stopped in the Canary Islands before setting sail again on September 6. • Columbus captained the Santa Maria. Two slightly smaller vessels followed, the Nina and the Pinta. • The Crew included a translator, three doctors, a secretary, an accountant, and servants for the ship’s captains. A. Conquest In The America

5. Finding New Lands • On October 12, the crew spotted land presently called the West Indies. Columbus named the island on which they landed San Salvador • He described the islanders as gentle and primitive. They were skilled cotton farmers who had a village society and well-developed government. • Columbus made three more voyages during the next ten years, taking colonists with him to settle the islands. • However, Columbus’s main goal was to find gold. A. Conquests in the Americas

6. Impact of Columbus’s Voyages • Columbus’s search for a new sea route to Asia led to contact between Europe and the Americas. • The Europeans were quick to use the abundant natural resources they found in the Americas. • When Columbus first arrived, more than 40 million Native Americans lived. About 80 years later, their numbers had decreased to about 3 to 4 million. • While many died from overwork and abuse, illness, such as measles, smallpox, and tetanus, killed most of the Native Population. A. Conquests in the Americas

7. B. Main Idea: Many explorers followed Columbus west across the Atlantic Ocean. B. Other European Explorers

8. B. Cabral Sails for Portugal • In 1500, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, representing Portugal sailed southwest across the Atlantic Ocean. • The land Cabral found is present day Brazil. • Portugal became a stopping-off point for later long voyages from Europe to India. They would sail southwest and then head to Arica’s Cape Of Good Hope. B. Other European Explorers

9. B. Other European Explorers • B. America’s Namesake • Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, made at least two voyages to the Americas between 1499 and 1502. • Vespucci’s second expedition was financed by Portugal. • Vespucci reached the coast of Brazil and continued southward, possibly as far in present-day Argentina.

10. B. Other European Explorers • B. Discovery of the Pacific • Vasco Nunez de Balboa joined a Spanish expedition in 1501. • In 1513, Balboa followed trails across the Isthmus of Panama. • Balboa became the first European to sight what is now called the Pacific Ocean.

11. Main Idea: The expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan was the first to sail around the world. C. Around the world

12. C. Around the world • Magellan’s Journey • Ferdinand Magellan set off from Spain on September 20, 1519, with 5 ships and a crew of about 250 men. • Magellan led the expedition that sailed around the world. • The Magellan Strait was a major sailing route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean until 1914. • Finally on September 6, 1522, the Victoria, the sole surviving ship, leaking but filled with spices, returned to Spain.

13. C. Around the world • The Growth of Mercantilism. • As part of Magellan’s voyage, sailors had for the first time circumnavigated, or sailed around the world. • European nations practiced an economic theory called mercantilism. • Europeans viewed the Americas as new markets for their exports, a balance of trade.

14. an excursion, journey, or voyage made for some specific purpose, as of war or exploration. Expedition

15. Spanish and Portuguese coloniesA. Spain's vast empire Nicole Bridge Period 5 Mr. Cook

16. A. Spain’s Vast EMPIRE Cortes Invades Mexico Cortes worked his way to the Mexican interior and made connections with various ingenious groups. Cortes used to his advantage to make the bitter5 resentment felt by many groups that were forced to pay tributes to the Aztecs leaving more than 200,000 Native Americans becoming his allies • Spanish conquistador Herman Cortes set out for the Yucatan coast with 11 ships,508 soldiers, 100 sailors and 16 horses • Cortes formed alliances with the local people; gathering information about nearby civilization. (The Aztecs)

17. A. Spain’s Vast Empire Montezuma's Fall • many Aztec people, including their emperor Moctezuma believed in a legend about a bearded god Quetzalco whom they feared and excepted would return to rule someday • Cortes pretended to honor Moctezuma but was only interested in the riches of the city and Aztec Empire. He took Moctezuma captive. • Cortes attacked the city and won 3 months later. By 1521 the Aztec Empire had fallen and Cortés had extended Spain's territory from the Caribbean sea to the pacific ocean. • After hearing about the emperor the Aztecs fought back and drove the Spaniards out of the city. Moctezuma was killed during the battle • Moctezuma thinking that Cortés might be that God he tried but unsuccessfully to keep Cortés away.

18. A. SPAIN’S Vast Empire Pizarro and the Incans • Pizarro’s spokesperson a priest tried to get the Incan people to accept Christianity and to be ruled by the king of Spain. • Atahualpa offered a huge ransom of pure gold for his release, Pizarro accepted it and then put the emperor to death • In 1531, Francisco Pizarro Set off with a small expedition of 180 men and 31 horses to the Incan empire. In Peru and agreed to meet the emperor Atahualpa • Pizarro took royal capital of Cuzco without a struggle in 1553 because when the Incans heard of their leaders death they retreated. Now two civilizations had fallen because of Cortés • When Atahualpa refused Pizarro attacked and imprisoned him.

19. Spanish and Portuguese colonies b. Governing Spain's empire • A land grant system gave colonist the right to force labor or tribute from native peoples

20. Government and the economy • In 1524, the Spanish monarchy created the council of the indies, a lawmaking body for their now possessions • Represtatives of the monarchy were known as Viceroys. They were the principal governors of the American colonies,wich were divided into provinces. • The Viceroys were chosen among the Spanish noble families and were required to report to the council of the council of the indies in Spain • The viceroys had many powers and duties. These allow them to govern both the Spanish colonist and conquered peoples, that came to the Americas. • Viceroys collected royal taxes, nominated colonial officials, enforced laws, protected, native Americans and oversaw their conversion to Christianity and granted ecomiendas. • Ecomiendas were a land grant system in which land and the native Americans who lived on that land were given over to Spanish colonist.

21. The Columbian exchange. • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hoped to use the wealth that Columbus brought back from the Americas including plants and animals unknown to Europe. That’s why the exchange was called the Columbian Exchange. • When Columbus made his second Voyage he took European plants and animals • Christopher Columbus described his first Voyage to the Americas in 1492 to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella • Bartolome’ de las casas described the news Columbus brought of this new region he said • “[Columbus] set out in the finest clothing he possessed, taking the Indians with him. He also brought green parrots,wich were very beautiful and colorful and also guaycas, which are jeweled masks made from fish bones, inlaid and decorated with pearls and gold “

22. THE IMPACT OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • As part of the Columbian exchange, new foods, and beverages were introduced to Europe from the Americas. • Tobacco and cocoa became popular in Europe and the potato became a staple a basic food in Northern and Central Europe. • In the Americas cotton and sugarcane were brought to the west Indies and it became the main Cash Crop is one that is grown for sale rather than for use by a farmer. • From Europe also came the horse, a new mode of transportation. Cattle also became well known, it was known for it’s protein source. The exchange also effected the movement of many people. • The cash crop became a profitable source of income many Europeans migrated to the Americas .they imported enslaved Africans to work in their large plantations and mine their precious metals.

23. The role of missionaries • As Spain and the rest of the Europe benefited from the new products and ideas obtained through the Columbian exchange, Christian missionaries hoped to gain other things from the Americas. They wanted to convert natives into Christians. • Many missionaries traveled widely, the were sent by the Roman Catholic Church to the Americas to establish churches in which Native Americans were instructed in the Catholic faith and taught a variety of trades. • Bartolome’ de las casas was a Spanish missionary who was granted an ecomienda in 1513. then realizing that the ecomienda was wrong because it enslaved native Americans. • In 1514, las casas announced that he was returning his ecomienda and the Native Americans to the governor. • He later wrote a book called “ The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account.” He felt that he needed to speak out of the mistreatment of the indigenous people. • Finally in 1542, Las Casas was able to get a law passed that put an end to the ecomienda system. Efforts to enforce these laws were not successful at first but the law was passed and the crucial mistreatment of people was over

24. C. SPAIN’S INFLUENCE ON COLONIAL SOCIETY Colonial society reflected the blending of Spanish, Native Americans, and African cultures.

25. Colonial cities • Almost all of these Spanish Cities had the same design- a central square bordered by a church, a government building and a house for the viceroy, or governor. • Rectangular blocks of houses surrounded the square, the higher a person’s social status, the closer that person lived to the main square. • Most Spanish settlers in the Americas preferred to live in cities. Cities were established throughout the colonies and grew quickly. • To the Spaniards, colonial cities were centers of government, religious life, culture and trade.

26. Colonial culture In most societies different classes provided a framework for colonial social structures. Peninsulars held the highest and most powerful positions in both colonial government and the Roman Catholic Church. Creoles, American-born descendants occupied the next highest level of society. Mestizos, a mix of Native American and Spanish peoples, and mulattos, were socially above those who had the least power- Native Americans and Africans. • Colonial culture was a mixture of Spanish, native American, and African traditions. • Although Spanish culture was dominant in all of Spain's colonies it mixtures with different led to the formation of a unique blended culture in Spanish America. • This blended culture was reflected in styles for art and architecture, methods of farming, religion, and even cooking.

27. D. The Portuguese colony of Brazil Brazil became a profitable sugar- producing colony for Portugal.

28. Portugal’s Expansion In Brazil By 1600,some farming regions had twice s many enslaved Africans and Native Americans most of whom worked as field laborers. Competition from Caribbean sugar plantations forced some colonist to look for new sources of income. Cattlemen looking for new pastures and miners searching for gold ventured farther into Brazil’s interior. When gold was discovered at the end of the 1600’s and it replaced sugar as Brazil’s main source. • As more and more people were encouraged t move to brazil to establish new cities and farms in 1500’s. • At first they established themselves on Brazil’s coastline, there they traded with the Native Americans for brazilwood. • As time passed by they moved to Brazil’s interior to establish farms and plantations, especially plantations that produced sugar cane.

29. Portuguese society and culture The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in providing a shared tradition for all classes in society. • As in Spanish America, Portuguese culture in brazil was a mixture of European, Native American, and African traditions. • European culture dominated class and race divisions in Brazilian society as it did in Spain's colonies

30. Chapter 16 Europe expands over seas section 3Dutch,French,and English colonies World History AD period:5

31. A. The Dutch Colonies • Main Idea: Dutch colonies appeared in the Caribbean ,South America, and North America.

32. A. Dutch, frinch,and the english colonies • Dutch Interests • In the 1600s, the Dutch people who lived in the Netherlands, became Europe's strongest naval power. • The Dutch sailed the world’s oceans, waging war against Spain. • They established colonies in the Caribbean and on the north cost of South America.

33. A. Dutch, frinch,and the english colonies • The Dutch in North America • In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer , was hired by the Dutch to find a water route through north America to Asia. • Today that river is known as the Hudson river. • The colonies' largest settlement, New Amsterdam, was located on Manhattan Island.

34. B . French Settlements in the Americas • Main idea: new France , established by French exospores, attracted fur traders, merchants, and missionaries.

35. B . French Settlements in the Americas • Colonizing New France • New France became a province in 1663. • French troops arrived two years later to protect settlers against the Iroquois. • Missionaries worked their way up west hoping to convert the natives to Christianity. In 1682, La Salle claimed the entire river basin of the great lakes ,Mississippi ,and gulf of Mexico for France. • La salle named the whole territory Louisiana after king Louis.

36. B . French Settlements in the Americas • French West Indies • French settlements in the Caribbean began in 1625. • Four decades later the French possessed fourteen Caribbean Islands. • Slaves were imported from Africa as early as 1642 to work the large plantations, where sugar was the main crop.

37. C. The English in the North America • Main Idea : England established 13 colonies in north America during the 1600s and 1700s.

38. C. The English in the North America • Early English Colonies • Founded in 1607,Jamestown,Virginnia,was the site of the first successful English Colony in the North America. • England's King James the First issued a charter, an official document to the Virginia company allowing it to send settlers to the Atlantic coast of South America. • Jamestown had a lot of problems but the worst of all was the mosquito -infested area and a lot of the settlers died from the diseases that they carried.

39. C. The English in the North America • Thirteen Colonies • Thirteen colonies were established in north America during the 1600s and 1700s. • In the southern colonies those farther south there were many large land owners who used the labor of enslaved Africans to grow tobacco ,rice, and indigo on large plantations. • By 1763,there were several cities including Boston ,New York ,Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, along the coast and land water ways.

40. D. Native Americans • Main Ideas European colonizers had a huge impact on the Native American way of life.

41. D. Native Americans • Sharing Land • The main interest of the Dutch was to establish trade markets and networks. • They were vary tolerant of others, and they did not have a strong interest in converting Native Americas to their religion - Protestantism. • Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoag's helped the early settlers survive teaching them how to plant, fish, and their cooking techniques.

42. D. Native Americans • King Philip’s War • As more colonists arrived ,the demand for land grew. • The colonies spread more and more out west, taking land from the native Americans. • In 1675,Native Americans raided frontier settlements along the Connecticut river and in the Massachusetts colony.

43. E. The Commercial Revolution • Main Idea: Expanding markets changed the economy of Europe forever.

44. E. The Commercial Revolution • Rising Prices • Gold and silver that came from the Americas to Spain caused the prices of Spanish goods to increase. • Higher prices led Spaniards to buy cheaper goods from other countries. • Spanish wars caused even more money to leave Spain.

45. E. The Commercial Revolution • Overseas Investments • Overseas trade as well as the expansion of European empires in the American’s led to the growth of capitalism, the investment of money for profit. • Many European investors heard teals of great wealth in the Americas. • Almost all overseas investments were considered risky and could not guarantee a profit to the investors.

46. Chapter 16: Europe expands over seas. Section 4: Africa and the Atlantic slave trade. ✮∃zQ∩!v∃l ✮ World History 5th Period

47. A. European exploration in Africa • Slavery in Africa • Slavery existed in Africa as early as 1000. • Many African societies considered slavery a form of punishment for criminals and prisoners. • The children of slaves were automatically born slavery was not hereditary.

48. A. European exploration in Africa • The Portuguese in Africa • Portuguese sailors began exploring the western coast of Africa • There were looking for a route to India and the rest of Asia. • These slaves were sold to Portuguese by Africa rules.

49. B. The Atlantic slave trade • Plantation laborers • African slavery labor attracted the attention first of Spain and then of other European nations. • These countries saw that Portuguese used enslaved people to work their plantations off the African coast. • By the 1520’s, small numbers of slaves had been sent from Africa to the Caribbean.

50. B. The Atlantic slave trade • Competing for Trade • By 1640, the Dutch were the main supplier of enslaved Africans to the Spanish plantations in the Caribbean. • England and France began to establish colonies on the smaller Caribbean islands • Like Spain, they wanted a cheap source of labor for their plantations.