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Pharmacology

Pharmacology. The study of drugs Or the good, the bad, and the ugly. Terminology. Pharmacology : study of drugs Pharmacologist : -specialist in pharmacology Pharmacodynamics : -the study of what drugs do in the body. Pharmacokinetics: - The study of what the body does to drugs

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Pharmacology

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  1. Pharmacology The study of drugs Or the good, the bad, and the ugly

  2. Terminology Pharmacology: • study of drugs Pharmacologist: -specialist in pharmacology Pharmacodynamics: -the study of what drugs do in the body

  3. Pharmacokinetics: -The study of what the body does to drugs Pharmacotherapeutics: -The study of how drugs are used to treat disease Toxicology: - The study of poisons or poisonous effects of drugs

  4. PRN Q4h Stat pc BID ac po QID hs TID qIh New ones SC IM IV Commonly used abbreviationsOr how much do you remember? Look up on line

  5. Sources of Drugs: Plants Original source of many medications • Digitoxin (Digitalis) Foxglove: a heart medication that slows down the heart rate • Quinine (Cinchona Tree) used for Malaria • Tamoxifin (Yew Trees) treatment for Breast Cancer • Acetylsalicylic acid or ASA from Willow Trees

  6. Animal source • Glandular: • Insulin from pig now synthesized • Thyroid hormones • Growth Hormone from cadavers (human) • Progesterone & Estrogen from pregnant female horses

  7. Animal Sources • Oil • Cod liver oil, Omega 3s • Antitoxins • Snake bites • Rabies

  8. Minerals • Calcium • Potassium chloride • Mineral Oil • Supplements

  9. Bacteria and Mold • Antibiotics • Mold produced Penicillin • Vaccines • Think of swine flu • Escherichia coli • Used as a host cell to produce antibiotics or hormones

  10. Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action of the drug in the body • Essentially looking at the interaction between the drug and the target cell And • The bodies response to that interaction

  11. In simpler terms You are in pain You take Advil Mechanism of action appears to be inhibiting of the prostaglandin synthesis (involved in the inflammation response) Pharmacodynamics: decrease in pain

  12. Pharmacodynamics of alcohol

  13. Okay lets get serious, sorry Pharmacokinetics looks at • Absorption • Metabolism • Distribution • Excretion

  14. Routes of administration Orally Inhalation Sublingual Injection Intravenous Topically Transdermal Rectally Vaginally

  15. Absorption: how does the drug get into the body Orally: absorbed in the mucus membranes of the oral cavity, small intestines and occasionally the large intestines

  16. Inhalation: Mucus membranes of nasal or oral or in the lungs

  17. Sublingual: directly into vascular system

  18. Injections Intramuscular Subcutaneously Intradermal

  19. Intravenous

  20. Transdermal: into Vascular system & Topical: into dermis Transdermal Topical

  21. Rectal & Vaginal (very vascular) No picture use your imagination

  22. Metabolism • How is the drug broken down in the body • Does it break down into something else • These are called metabolites • The most common site of metabolism is the liver: Think what this means if you have liver disease or alcoholic

  23. Metabolism • If most drugs are metabolize in the liver what does that mean for dosing in children and elderly • In people with impaired liver or kidney (excretion) function • Metabolism can also be effected by other ingested products which can increase or decrease metabolism of a product

  24. Distribution • How is it transported? • What is the usual means of transportation of products in the body? • How fast will it get to the target cells? • Which is faster IM injection, IV, or oral? • Why?

  25. Distribution • Also looks at how long the drug takes to reach peak plasma levels • How long it stays in the body? • Why is this important? • Too low blood levels: reduces desired effect • Too high blood levels: overdose

  26. Excretion: okay so we put it in now we need to get it out • How is the drug eliminated from the body? • Why is this important? • What factors will influence this? Think Kidney disease, Constipation, Diarrhea,

  27. Elimination • Methods of elimination include • Urine (which organ) • Feces • Perspiration (minimal) • Saliva • Bile • Exhaled air • Breast Milk

  28. Pharmacotherapeutics • Clinical Pharmacology • Concerned with the use of drugs to treat, cure or decrease the effects of a disease

  29. Drug Classification • Pharmacologic Activity: what is it supposed to do in the body • Generic Name: chemical name or scientific name • Trade Name: Trade name given to it by pharmaceutical companies

  30. Pharmacotherapeutics: Indications • What is the purpose or indication for the giving the medication? There are eight considerations when looking at why a drug may be given or prescribed for a client

  31. Drug Therapy Indications • Acute: Life threatening situation • Empirical: Given before C&S completed based on clinical S&S (antibiotics) • Maintenance: to maintain health in chronic conditions (Hypertension medications, Anticoagulants, Digoxin)

  32. Drug Therapy Indications • Palliative: reduce the symptoms or severity of a condition (pain medication for Cancer pts) • Prophylactic: to prevent a disease or condition (Birth Control, Vaccinations) • Replacement: provide a missing or limited chemical or enzyme in the body (digestive hormones in Cystic Fibroses, Insulin, Thyroid)

  33. Drug Therapy Indications • Supportive: to treat a secondary condition related to a disease or condition (cough medication) • Supplemental: to avoid a deficiency (Vitamins, Folic Acid in pregnant woman to decrease neurotubular deficiency in fetuses)

  34. Types of Medicines OTC: (Over the counter) • can be bought with out a prescription Alternative Remedies: • herbal or natural products, do not require a prescription Prescription Rx Prescription controlled substance: Narcotics

  35. Side Effects vs Adverse Effects • A Side Effect: is usually regarded as an undesirable secondary effect which occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect of a drug or medication. Side effects may vary for each individual depending on the person's disease state, age, weight, gender, ethnicity and general health.

  36. Nausea Side Effect

  37. Adverse Effect • Adverse effect: A harmful or abnormal result. An adverse effect may be caused by administration of a medication or by exposure to a chemical and be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death.

  38. Adverse Drug Reaction

  39. Drug Interactions Potentiate: (works better) Increase the effect of one of the drugs Negate: Decrease the effect of the drug Synergistic: the combination of the drugs will increase the effect of both of the drugs more than the effect of the individual drugs

  40. Rights of assisting with medication • Right medication • Right person • Right dose • Right route • Right time • Right technique • Right documentation

  41. Information on a Prescription Label • Pharmacy name • File number • Client’s name • DIN (drug identification number from manufacture) • Drug name, dose, frequency, route • Number of refills • Physician’s name • Expiration date • Date filled

  42. Metro Pharmacy 905-823-4900 Tues. April 14, 2009 Refills: 0 • Farquharson, Taylor • Clarithromycin 250mg • Brand: Apo-Clarithromycin 250mg • 20 Tabs APX • Tab 1 BID ac meals • Dr. Wahba , Rasha • This medicine may be taken with or without food • Important: Finish all this medication unless otherwise directed by Prescriber

  43. Choose one of the medications • Determine Drug Classification (all aspects) • Route of administration • Dosing schedules • Side Effects • Adverse Effects • Special instructions • OTC, prescription, controlled

  44. Find a prescription medication List the following information Indication Absorption Distribution (Dosing schedule) Warnings Possible S/E or Adverse effects Instructions Assignment

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