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Centre for Public Health Criminal Justice Monitoring and Research

Explore the impact of monitoring and research on decision-making processes within the criminal justice system. Learn about supporting victims, protecting vulnerable populations, and key research areas in priority police zones. Evaluate pilot projects focusing on hate crimes, violence, and more.

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Centre for Public Health Criminal Justice Monitoring and Research

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  1. Centre for Public HealthCriminal Justice Monitoring and Research Faculty Forum Presentation to the Police Knowledge Fund Project Gordon Hay, Kevin Cuddy, Jane Oyston & Simon Russell www.cph.org.uk 9th December 2015

  2. Objectives • Introduce the Centre for Public Health • Focus on Criminal Justice work • How monitoring and research can contribute to decision-making processes and practices • Discussion at end • Questions during presentation

  3. Centre for Public Health

  4. Structure of presentation • Research in the OPCC priority areas • Supporting victims • Protecting vulnerable people • Research in the Merseyside Police priority areas • Child exploitation • Monitoring and surveillance • DIP, TIIG • Research • Alcohol (street drinking, licensing) • Drugs • Violence

  5. Support for Victims • Making WAVES • Encourage victims and witness to report crimes and access support • Evaluation of pilot projects • Case studies • Hate crime • Domestic violence • Anti-social behaviour • Gang-related crime • Multi-agency, including…

  6. Vulnerable People • Liverpool Women’s Turnaround Project • Female only • Liverpool and Knowsley • Involved or at risk of becoming involved in offending • Objectives • Reduce offending, prison, family breakdown • Improve wellbeing, empower women • Evaluation • Data Monitoring • Service Delivery

  7. Child Exploitation • Programme of work on ‘Adverse Childhood Experiences’ • Links with the Liverpool Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) • Student dissertations • ‘County Lines’ • Young people exploited when developing new drug markets

  8. Liverpool Safeguarding Children Board • Partner organisation • Learning and Impact • Deliver training and developing resources • 7 minute briefings • Student dissertations • Child Sexual Exploitation

  9. Indecent Images of Children Offenders: Development and Change • M.Sc. Investigative and Forensic Psychology, University of Liverpool • Dissertation completed with Kent Police Jane Oyston j.e.oyston@ljmu.ac.uk

  10. Sequential Pathways • Criminal career: the examination of the series of offences within an offender’s criminal history (Farrington, 1992). • Escalation – increases in frequency and seriousness. • Oscillation – fluctuates in levels of seriousness. • Flat-lining / Maintenance – same level of seriousness. • De-escalation – decreases in frequency and seriousness.

  11. Data Collection / Methodology • Police case files examined to collect and code data. • Content analysis used to code data. • Coding dictionary used to record data. • Temporal information was recorded where found. • Group split into contact and non-contact offenders. • Compare behavioural and socio-demographic factors.

  12. Literature • McManus, M., Long, M., Alison, L. & Almond, L. Factors associated with contact child sexual abuse in a sample of indecent image offenders. (2014) Journal of Sexual Aggression. • Long, M. L., Alison, L. A., & McManus, M. A. (2013). Child pornography and likelihood of contact abuse: A comparison between contact child sexual offenders and non-contact offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25, 370–395

  13. Decision Making and Risk Assessment of Child Sexual Exploitation • Comparisons between offender groups. • Examination of victim demographics and interactions. • Examining previous cases.

  14. DIP and its application in Research Kevin Cuddy DIP Researcher Centre for Public Health

  15. Drug Use & Offending • Wealth of research that drug users commit more crime under the influence of drugs than when not • Link between drug use and acquisitive crime is well established – almost half of those arrested in England for acquisitive crime test positive • Annual cost of drug related crime is £13.9bn

  16. DIP • The Drug Interventions Programme (DIP) was set up in 2003 ostensibly to break this link between drugs and crime and minimise the harm caused to both individuals and society as a whole by directing drug misusers into treatment • Evidence to suggest that drug treatment impacts favourably on levels of offending – NTA estimate 4.9m crimes prevented nationally in 2011 with a saving of £960m to society • Multi-agency integrated approach key to its success – partners include criminal justice agencies, treatment providers, government departments and Drug (& Alcohol) Action Teams

  17. CPH Data Set Monthly data from the 4 custody suites in Merseyside where drug testing is carried out: • Demographic data • Result of Test • Time of Test • Offence committed

  18. Routine Data Outputs

  19. Routine Data Outputs

  20. Thematic Research • Drug Testing Report • Provides data on demographics of clients • Collates times of drug tests to show peak times of testing • Details results of tests over a time period

  21. Drug Testing Report

  22. Thematic Research • An Evaluation of DIP’s Impact on Offending • Main aim was to investigate whether or not clients in the DIP process in Merseyside reduce their offending, with particular emphasis on whether this was the case for High Crime Causing Users (HCCU) also • Provide Merseyside DIP teams with an assessment of offending outcomes for DIP clients & also provide Merseyside Police with an overview of the effectiveness of DIP

  23. Methodology Data taken from 3 separate sources: • Drug Testing Data - 6 month cohort of clients who tested positive after an arrest for a trigger offence in a Merseyside custody suite between April & September 2012 • DIP Monitoring Data – monitoring forms completed by DIP workers between April & September 2012 • PNC Data – all trigger offences in Merseyside between April 2011 & September 2013 • Drug Testing Data was initially matched to PNC data to establish how many times each client had been arrested for trigger offences in the 12 months pre & post test and then matched to DIP Data to determine the level of involvement with DIP post positive test

  24. Research Findings • Offending significantly lower in 12 months post initial positive test compared to 12 months pre test – 49% reduction in number of offences committed • Extremely positive finding regarding DIP although data would suggest levels of reductions are not dependent on level of subsequent involvement - reductions highest among those clients who had no further DIP contact following their arrest and subsequent positive test – effect of the arrest process? • Significant reductions seen in number of offences in all three offending groups (high, medium & low) – something not seen in aforementioned nationwide research • Highest reductions among HCCU’s

  25. Impact for Merseyside Police • Research has by in large aided with decision making processes around DIP within Merseyside Police • Drug Testing data highlighted substantial numbers of negative tests being undertaken – potential cost saving area for Merseyside Police – has lead to introduction of Targeted Testing • Offending data presented to both PCC and Chief Officer Group – highlighted the value of DIP in reducing offending and contributed to the continuing funding of Test on Arrest on Merseyside

  26. Thank you. Email: k.cuddy@ljmu.ac.uk Phone: 0151 2314290

  27. TIIG – Overview & (Police) Applications Simon Russell – TIIG Project Lead

  28. TIIG – Trauma and Injury Intelligence Group • (Cardiff) • TIIG - established by Centre for Public Health 2001 • Systematic data collection across NW of England • By 2012 - 31 EDs • Warehouse NWAS data • 3rd party status – police / service data • Key aims: • Monitoring of trends (intentional and unintentional injuries) • Assist local partners (Police, local councils, PH teams, Licensing Authorities, CSPs) • Inform prevention strategies (needs assessment) • Now still 31, share 22, ISTV 20

  29. Data set (varies) • Demographics • Geography • Referral (ambulance / self) • Disposal (fracture clinic / mental health) • Alcohol / substance use • Enhanced violence items • 2-3/10 assaults reported • 4-8/10 assaults go to ED

  30. Data sharing • Routine sharing - all injury / assaults • Date / time • Location (details) • Weapon (details) • Attacker: Gender/Number/Relationship • Alcohol • Reported • Data requests • Bulletins • Research outputs

  31. DSH Females Assaults males

  32. Attendance Rate vs Deprivation

  33. Violence • Trends • At risk groups • Details • Hotspots (city centres) • Location (specific premises) • Weapons (e.g. bottles) • DV • TIIG + NWAS • Address + incident location

  34. -20.5% -19.6% -19.2% -32.7% -20.0%

  35. -6% -22%

  36. Licensing • License Reviews • PH – Police - PH • 2012: Review due to C&D • Police evidence • Public health evidence • Outcome: Conditional re-opening • 2015: Review • Police evidence • PH evidence – assaults at premises, time/day, weapons, gender, age.. • Irresponsible promotions • Outcome: License revoked

  37. Contact me: • Tel: 0151 231 4500 • Email: S.J.Russell@ljmu.ac.uk • Email: tiig@ljmu.ac.uk • Web: www.cph.org.uk • Web: www.tiig.info • Twitter: www.twitter.com/tiig_cph

  38. Street Drinking • Series of research / evaluations • Assertive outreach service • Residential alcohol detoxification • REST • Rehabilitation, education, support and treatment • Effectiveness (and cost effectiveness) of a ‘wet’ facility • Backed up with enforcement • Work in progress….

  39. Nightlife Research • Research / Evaluations • Night time economy • Licensing Authorities • Say No To Drunks • Pilot Intervention • Service of alcohol to drunk people is illegal But • Majority feel that bar staff do not care • Easy to buy alcohol when drunk • Knowledge of the law was low • Work in progress….

  40. Drugs • Series of national and local estimates of the prevalence of opiate and / crack cocaine use • Research into Novel Psychoactive Substances • Early Warning System • Effectiveness of drug prevention inteerventions • Steroid and Image Enhancing Drugs • Sizing the drugs market • Monitoring and surveillance of drug (and alcohol) treatment • Drug-driving legislation

  41. Violence • World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Violence Prevention • Burden and impact of violence • Prevention and effectiveness of interventions • Child maltreatment • Violence against adults with disabilities • Elder maltreatment • Mental health needs of gang-affiliated young people • Road traffic accidents

  42. Can monitoring and research contribute to police decision-making processes and practices?Discuss

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