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Basic Structure of a Cell

Learn about the fundamental components of cells, from prokaryotic to eukaryotic, and the organelles that perform specific functions within them. Explore the differences between plant and animal cells, and the role of various organelles in cellular processes.

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Basic Structure of a Cell

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  1. Basic Structure of a Cell

  2. Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell

  3. Number of Cells • Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

  4. Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic • Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles • Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

  5. Prokaryotes • Nucleoid region contains the DNA • Cell membrane & cell wall • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteinsin their cytoplasm

  6. Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles Eukaryotic Cell

  7. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

  8. Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm

  9. Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins

  10. Mitochondrion( mitochondria ) Cell Powerhouse • Rod shape • Site of Cellular respiration

  11. In Animal Cells AND Plants: Mitochondria • Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria • Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

  12. Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell • Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells • Made of protein and phospholipids • Selectively permeable

  13. Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane • Living layer • Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell • Selectively permeable

  14. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell • Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane • Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

  15. More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs • Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion

  16. Nucleus Control Organelle • Controls the normal activities of the cell • Bounded by a nuclear membrane • Contains chromosomes

  17. More on the Nucleus Nucleus • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes • Genes control cell characteristics

  18. Chloroplast Plant Cell Organelles • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) • Process called photosynthesis

  19. Plant Cell Cell wall • Dead layer • Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers • Freely permeable

  20. Cell wall Plant Cell Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells

  21. Plant Cell Cell wall • Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) • Resist entry of excess water into the cell • Give shape to the cell

  22. Vacuole Plant Cell Organelles • Have a large central vacuole • Surrounded by tonoplast • Contains cell sap • Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

  23. Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Different kinds of plant cells

  24. Animal cell vacuole cytoplasm No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy nucleus mitochondrion cell membrane glycogen granule

  25. Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide Animal Cell Organelles

  26. white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell sperm cheek cells nerve cell Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

  27. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

  28. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present

  29. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall

  30. Compound Microscope • Instrument for observing small objects • Magnify images up to 2000X their size

  31. Different parts of a microscope

  32. Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Body tube Objective Coarse adjustment Clip Fine adjustment Condenser Arm Stage Iris diaphragm Condenser control knob Mirror Base

  33. Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

  34. The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma

  35. The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

  36. Examples of a Human Body System

  37. Examples of a Human Body System

  38. Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System

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