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Structure of a Generalized Cell

BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy. Structure of a Generalized Cell. -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus. A Quick Tour Through A Cell. Play TourOfAnimalCell.mpg. Plasma membrane. -phospholipid bilayer -separates cell contents from environment. Ribosomes.

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Structure of a Generalized Cell

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  1. BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus

  2. A Quick Tour Through A Cell Play TourOfAnimalCell.mpg

  3. Plasma membrane -phospholipid bilayer -separates cell contents from environment

  4. Ribosomes -site of proteins synthesis -free in cytoplasm or -bound to endoplasmic reticulum

  5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) -membrane tubes and sacs -two types: RER & SER

  6. Rough ER -membrane sacs studded with ribosomes -synthesizes proteins for use in plasma membrane or for secretion

  7. Smooth ER -membrane tubules -site of lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, & ion storage

  8. Golgi Apparatus -stack of membrane sacs -has associated vesicles -modifies, sorts, & packages proteins for export or use in plasma membrane

  9. Role of the Golgi Apparatus

  10. Lysosomes -membrane vesicles -contain digestive enzymes -break down old organelles, large molecules, & pathogens

  11. Peroxisomes -membrane sacs -contain oxidases -neutralize free radicals and toxins

  12. Mitochondria -double membrane wall -inner membrane folded into cristae -oxidize food to generate ATP - “powerhouse of the cell”

  13. Centrioles -paired cylindrical bodies -organize mitotic spindle during mitosis -form base of cilia and flagella

  14. Cytoskeleton -protein filaments -create internal framework of cell: for structure & support -important in cell mobility Figure 3.24

  15. Nucleus -in center of cell -contains DNA: genetic material

  16. Nuclear Envelope -double membrane -separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm -has pores to allow molecule exchange with cytoplasm Nucleoli -dense area in nucleus -site of ribosome production

  17. Chromatin -loose, thread-like DNA -open form of DNA found in cells that are not dividing Chromosomes -tightly wound DNA -dense, bar-like form of DNA that forms when cells begin mitosis for cell division (46 in humans)

  18. 4X objective (40X) Frog Skin (simple squamous epithelium) Pentagon cells with visible nuclei 40X objective (400X) 10X objective (100X)

  19. 4X objective (40X) Teased Smooth Muscle Long, stringy cells with enlargements at nuclei 40X objective (400X) 10X objective (100X)

  20. 4X objective (40X) Human Sperm Cell Tiny cells with visible nuclei and long flagella 40X objective (400X) 10X objective (100X)

  21. 4X objective (40X) Human Blood Smear (red blood cells) Tiny round cells: red blood cells lack nuclei, white blood cells have visible and often multi-lobed nuclei 40X objective (400X) 10X objective (100X) WBC RBC

  22. BIO132 Lab 2 Exercise 5 or 5A The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability The cell membrane: a selectively permeable barrier Play MembraneSelectivity.swf Play MembraneBarrier.mov

  23. Passive TransportDiffusion Through the Plasma Membrane Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Occurs due to the constant and random motion of molecules. Play Diffusion.mov

  24. Passive Transport: Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. Play Diffusion.swf Play FatWaterSolu.mov Play FacilDiffusion.mov

  25. Passive TransportDiffusion Through the Plasma Membrane Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: requires no energy from the cell -Simple diffusion: through the phospholipid membrane -Facilitated diffusion: through a protein: a channel or a transport protein

  26. Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached Solutes move to bring the system to equilibrium. But what if the solutes are not free to move?

  27. Osmosis: • Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane • Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane • Osmolarity – total concentration of solute particles in a solution, a driving force of water movement Water molecules come to equilibrium Water moves when the solutes cannot

  28. Tonicity – how a solution effects cell volume • Isotonic – solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol: no net movement of water • Hypertonic – solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol: net movement of water out of the cell (can cause crenation) • Hypotonic – solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol: net movement of water into the cell (can cause lysis)

  29. Play OsmoticEffectsRBC.mpg

  30. Active Transport Movement against the concentration gradient Requires work/energy input from the cell Play ActiveTransport.swf Play Exocytosis.swf Play Phagocytosis.swf Play Pinocytosis.swf

  31. Phagocytosis: “cell eating”, cell engulfs extracellular material via pseudopods and internalizes it in a vesicle for digestion in the lysosome Pseudopods PlayAmoeba.mpg

  32. Phagocytosis Play Neutrophil.mpg Play MO-phago.mov Play MO-phago2.mov

  33. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  34. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  35. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  36. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  37. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  38. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  39. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  40. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

  41. Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

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