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Chapter 6 Reasoning Errors

Chapter 6 Reasoning Errors. This chapter will cover. Fallacies (errors in reasoning) Fallacies that lead listeners away from the real issue Useful approaches for handling fallacies. Reasoning Errors. Fallacies - 2 kinds. Inadequate Reasons Fallacies that Mislead. Fallacies.

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Chapter 6 Reasoning Errors

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  1. Chapter 6 Reasoning Errors This chapter will cover • Fallacies (errors in reasoning) • Fallacies that lead listeners away from the real issue • Useful approaches for handling fallacies

  2. Reasoning Errors Fallacies - 2 kinds • Inadequate Reasons • Fallacies that Mislead

  3. Fallacies Inadequate Reasoning • Sounds good • Sounds logical • However, does not provide adequate support • Form but no substance

  4. Inadequate Reasons Faulty Analogies • Significant differences between compared items. • Compare a product to an experience • Compare current experience to past • Advice for them will work for you

  5. Inadequate Reasons False Cause – Post Hoc • Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: “After this, therefore because of this • First event causes second event without reason • Superstitious reasoning • Blame game

  6. Inadequate Reasons The Slippery Slope • Consequences of potential action predicted but not supported • The domino effect • Prediction based on speculation

  7. Inadequate Reasons The Straw Man • Opponent’s argument distorted or exaggerated and then easily attacked. • Position argument at extreme

  8. Inadequate Reasons Hasty Conclusion • Generalize with little information • Jumping to conclusions • Rushing to judgment • Self-fulfilling prophecy

  9. Inadequate Reasons The False Dilemma • Presenting only two extreme alternatives • No possibilities in between • Leads to simplistic solutions

  10. Inadequate Reasons Begging the Question • Speaker assumes what needs to be proven • Places the burden of proof on the listener • Builds on an unproven assumption • Uses a ‘loaded question’

  11. Skill Recognize when reasons given to justify a conclusion are not sufficient.

  12. Fallacies Fallacies that mislead • Reasons that lead the listener away from the primary issue.

  13. Fallacies That Mislead The Red Herring • Distract your attention • Put on the defensive with another issue. • Get that stick out of here • It’s not a stick. It’s a laser beam

  14. Fallacies That Mislead Ad Hominem: Attacking the person • Attack personal qualities instead of the issue • Thomas Jefferson called “anti-American” • John Adams was accused of being a ‘fool’ • Used to discredit someone

  15. Fallacies That Mislead Ad Populum: • Jumping on the bandwagon • If everyone is doing it, then it is okay • Keeping up with the Jones • The in-crowd • Why we buy products

  16. Fallacies That Mislead Appeal to Traditions • Conform to tradition • “We’ve always done it this way” • Reasons are not relevant to the claim • All the men in our family have been lawyers

  17. Fallacies That Mislead Appeal to Pity • Follow a course of action due to compassion • May be true but is irrelevant to the claim • You should go out with me or I will be upset

  18. Fallacies That Mislead Equivocation • The same word - two different meanings

  19. Chapter 6 Reasoning Errors Checkup • Fallacies that mislead versus fallacies with insufficient support • What makes an analogy faulty?

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