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The Legacy of Спутник and “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach

The Legacy of Спутник and “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach. Roald Sagdeev University of Maryland. Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935. Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky). V ROCKET /V FUEL = = Ln M 1 /M 2. From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond.

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The Legacy of Спутник and “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach

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  1. The Legacy of Спутникand “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach Roald Sagdeev University of Maryland

  2. Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935

  3. Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky) VROCKET /VFUEL = = Ln M1 /M2

  4. From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond • Late 19th century – 1920th (Early romanticism of the Pioneers) • 1924 – 1945 (small scale experimentation and engineering, first mass production of military rockets /“Katyusha”) • Werner von Braun (WWII): V-2 • 1945 – 1957 (Build up of rocket industry) • Call of International Geophysical Year 1957-1958 • October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)

  5. October 4, 1957 – SPUTNIK –1 opened the Space Age. It was a byproduct of military rocketry. How much Soviets got from Germans after WWII ?

  6. The secrecy around Sputnik; The name of Korolev was kept confidential; Official publications praised two anonymous persons: The Chief Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics; (Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)

  7. Sputnik-3 (April, 1958) was promised as the first scientific satellite; It carried a package of particle detectors to study cosmic rays in space; If successful it was well equipped to run on Van Allen radiation belts

  8. Almost a year after Sputnik-1 Korolev opened a series of launches of small probes In direction of Moon, Mars and Venus. Luna-3 reached the surface of Moon (1959)

  9. From Sputnik to Lunar race • 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space) • Early 1960th (rapid development of manned flights, followed by Tereshkova flight) • 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure) • 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)

  10. Second unsuccessful launch of N-1 (1969); Terminated after 50+ seconds.

  11. LUNAR MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW 1966-1976 Landing vehicles("Luna”-9,-13,-15,-16,-17,-18,-20,-21,-23,-24) Artificial Moon satellites("Luna”-10,-11,-12,-14,-19,-22) Vehicles for the lunar sample return"Luna”-15,-16,-18,-20,-23,-24) Mobile lunar laboratories - "Lunokhod-1,2“("Luna"-17,-21)

  12. VENUS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW 1967-1984 Venus artificial satellites ("Venera”-9,-10,-15,-16) Landing vehicles ("Venera”-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,-11,-12,-13,-14) Fly-by vehicles (“Venera”-11,-12,-13,-14) Descent vehicle

  13. VENUS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW VEGA(1984-1986) Multipurpose interplanetary stations for studying Venus (balloon probes and landing vehicles) and Halley’s comet fly-by vehicles("Vega”-1,-2) Balloonprobe

  14. MARS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW 1971-1974 Spacecraft with landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7) Orbiters ("Mars"-4,-5) Landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7)

  15. EARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITES HISTORICAL REVIEW PROGNOZ-1,..-10, INTERBALL (1972 – 1996) Earth satellites designed for studying the processes of solar activitiy, their influence on interplanetary space and the Earth's magnetosphere

  16. ASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFT HISTORICAL REVIEW ASTRON(1983 – 1989 ) GRANAT(1989 – 1999) Orbital astro-physicalUV-spacecraft International orbital astro-physical X-ray and gamma spacecraft

  17. The peak of Soviet success in a deep space exploration – -Encounter with the Halley’s comet (following release of atmospheric balloons on Venus / VEGA mission)

  18. Soyuz • Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights; • Launch Site: Baikonur (510) • ESA commissioned Soyuz for Science Missions / Cluster & Mars Express; • Reliable transport to International Space Station.

  19. SPACE Geopolitical Economic International Co-operation Societal Market Technology

  20. Security Civil Commercial

  21. World Space activity in Global terms World economic activity U$ 30 x 1012 Space Economic activity U$ 90 x109 $1 in $330 of economic activity spent on space

  22. Space Revenues (U$109) in 2000Source: International Space Business Council • Infrastructure 53.6 • Telecom 28.9 • Use of Space Data and Assets 9.6 • Support Services 3.9 • Total 96.0 Government is largest customer of infrastructure at about $34 billion (Military $15 B, Civil $19 B)

  23. НИЦ им. ГН БАБАКИНА ИКИ РАН МАРС-ВОЛНА 2003

  24. Moon will soon become a busy place for robotic spacecraft. •    Europe's SMART-1 mission, a technology test of low-thrust ion propulsion, is currently on a 16-month journey to the Moon.  SMART-1 will measure the chemical composition of the lunar surface, including the polar regions.  • Japan is developing two missions: Lunar-A, an orbiter that will fire penetrators into the surface, and SELENE, an orbiter with two sub-satellites.    • India also is planning a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1. NASA agreed to participate with its science instruments. • China introduces its lunar program Cheng'e with two missions - an orbiter and a lander.

  25. Supernova as a “Standard Candle” SN 030410 02 (HUBBLE)

  26. The “Younger Sister” of Crab Nebula / Supernova Cassiopeya A / exploded in 1680/ in X-Rays by Chandra

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