Chapter 26 – Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up

1. vs. Chapter 26 – Section 2:The Cold War Heats Up

2. Showdown in China! • United States had been supporting Nationalists • Chiang Kai-Shek leads Nationalist forces • Ruled primarily in the south and east • Chiang and his army were viewed as courageous • Officials in United States viewed him differently • Constant inaction by his military • United States sent $3 billion in aid • $27.5 billion in 2010

4. Showdown in China! • Mao Zedong leads Communist forces • Communists rule mostly in the north • Relied primarily on aid from the Soviet Union • Used a different strategy than Soviets for gaining support

5. Showdown in China! • Civil War beaks out in China • Americans forced to support the Nationalist Regime • From 1944-1947 we try to negotiate peace between the two factions • Our aid proves to be not enough • In May of 1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan

7. China Falls To Communism • Mao Zedong establishes himself as authoritarian • Establishes a cult of personality • Soviet Union and China sign the Sino-Soviet Alliance • Mutual defense treaty • Communist world has doubled in size overnight • This freaks people out • People begin to point to communism in the American government

8. The National Security Council • National Security Council (NSC) is formed in 1947 • Department of Defense is also created in the National Security Act • Sought to end fighting between Armed Forces • CIA is formed for foreign clandestine operations • NSA is formed to spy on American citizens • Eavesdropped on people

9. NSC-68: A Groundbreaking Report • In 1950 the NCS issues NSC-68 • It told us: • Soviet Union is bent on expansion • We need to triple out defense budget • We need to fund the development of the hydrogen bomb • The Soviets will challenge us on the periphery • We ignored much of the information

11. NSC-68: A Groundbreaking Report • NSC-68 also outlined four options for United States Foreign Policy going forward • Do nothing at all • Attack the Soviet Union in a preemptive war • Retreat back into the Western Hemisphere and concede Europe • Build alliances and draw a line in the sand

12. The Path to War in Korea • Korea had been annexed by the Japanese in 1910 • Koreans in the north surrendered to the Soviet Union • Koreans in the south surrendered to the United States • With the end of WWII and the conquering of Japan, two nations are created in Korea

14. The Path to War in Korea • In 1948 the Republic of Korea is founded • Leader is Syngman Rhee • He is dictatorial • Capital is in Seoul • Communists formed the People’s Republic of Korea • Leader is Kim Il Sung • Capital is in Pyongyang

16. The Path to War in Korea • Environment was ripe for an invasion • United States had a limited presence in Korea • Soviet Union thought we would not combat communism in Korea • June 25th, 1950 the North Koreans sweep across the 38th Parallel • North Korean forces push South Korean forces to the Pusan Perimeter

18. War on the Korean Peninsula • South Korea turns to the United Nations for help • United Nations votes to assist South Korea • On June 27th, Truman sends U.S. troops • 16 nations send 520,000 troops total • South Korea has 590,000 troops of their own • The combined UN/South Korean troops are led by General Douglas MacArthur

20. War on the Korean Peninsula • United States is not ready to find a ground war • We have put all of our focus on the “bomb” • We have ten divisions and not one is ready • We had to rush troops from Japan

21. The UN Counterattack • MacArthur believes that North Korea is stretched • Devises a plan to invade at Inchon • Lands fresh troops on the West Coast • Sandwiched troops between them and a push from Pusan Perimeter • Half of the North Korean army surrenders • The other half retreats

23. MacArthur Goes on the Offensive • Decides he can unite Korea militarily • Defies orders and crosses the 38th Parallel • We drive the North Korean troops all the way to the Yalu River • Chinese are warning us not to get close • Yalu River is frozen • Allows the Chinese army to cross easier

24. Disaster at Chosin • Winter has set in • Thanksgiving Day, 1950 • Chinese forces launch surprise attack • War had become United States vs. China • Pushed back to Seoul by January of 1951 • For the next two years the war would be fought in a 100 mile swatch of land in central Korea

26. MacArthur Defies Truman • MacArthur wishes to attack China • He calls for the “bomb” • Truman rejects this idea 100% • Wars become “limited” • MacArthur tries to go above Truman’s head • Truman’s Goal was peace/settlement • MacArthur fired on April 11th, 1951

28. You’re Fired!

29. Negotiating A Peace • Truce talks begin in July of 1951 • Sides agree on two main issues • Cease fire at existing battle line • Creation of a DMZ • Election of 1952 has a great impact on the war • Chinese don’t know what Ike will do • Stalin is dead, no more Soviet Support • An armistice is signed in July of 1953

30. What is the DMZ? • Serves as a buffer between the nations • 2.5 miles wide, 160 miles long • One of the most dangerous places on earth • Limited patrols are permitted • Numerous incursions and skirmishes have occurred • North Korea has built four known tunnels • Numerous fire exchanges

32. The Korean War is Over • Often called the forgotten war • It is the 0-0 tie in soccer • Result of war is not popular at home • 54,000 American lives lost • $67 billion spent • No real winner • Leads to the election of Republican in Ike • Increased fear of communism at home

33. North and South Korea Today • The two countries take two different paths • North Korea: • Famine stricken • Energy shortages • Brutal dictatorship in Kim Jong Il • GDP of $1,244 • South Korea: • Developed nation • Powerful economy • Democratic government • GDP of $21,529