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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE. THE IMPORTANCE OF NEWCOMEN DISCOVERIES ON COAL MINING. PLAN. Problematic First discoveries on the 17th century Newcomen’s personal history Newcomen’s steam engine Opening on other discoveries later Survey on Ventron textile museum Conclusion. PROBLEMATIC.

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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

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  1. INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE THE IMPORTANCE OF NEWCOMEN DISCOVERIES ON COAL MINING

  2. PLAN • Problematic • First discoveries on the 17th century • Newcomen’s personal history • Newcomen’s steam engine • Opening on other discoveries later • Survey on Ventron textile museum • Conclusion

  3. PROBLEMATIC • How to move large quantities of water from deep coal mines? • Context : 18th century : rapid development of Britain industry and coal-mining • Problem : water flowing into the mines as miners went deeper was a major problem.

  4. FIRST DISCOVERIES • Discovery that earth’s atmosphere exerts a pressure = determination of that pressure • Papin’s experiments

  5. Thomas Savery : « Raising water by the impellant force of fire »

  6. NEWCOMEN’S LIFE • Born in 1663 in Darmouth (Devon) • An humble position : « ironmonger » and blacksmith of Darmouth • His trade with metal mines • His experiments on Savery’machine : The patent with John Calley • 1708 : The patent in combination with Savery • Died in 1729 : the denigration of scientifics academics

  7. THE ATMOSPHERIC STEAM ENGINE

  8. THE HISTORY • Major breakthrough : inject cold water directly into the engine • First recorded Newcomen engine : coal pit near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712 • Cylinder : diameter 21 inches (533 mm) • Distance : 51 yards (46.6 metres) • Rate : 120 gallons per min (546 litres)

  9. THE PROCESS

  10. Water is boiled continuously to produce steam.  • The rising piston creates a vacuum in the cylinder. Water flows up the suction pipe because of atmospheric pressure and fills the cylinder. • The pressure is insufficient to lift the piston on its own -- the weight of the pump rod does most of the work.

  11. At the top of the stroke the steam valve is closed and a water jet is briefly turned on, cooling the steam in the cylinder.

  12. The cool steam contracts, sucking the piston downward.  ...Or stated another way: the higher atmospheric pressure drives the piston downward, hence the name atmospheric engine.  • At the end of the stroke, the cooling water is drained from the cylinder by an extra passage not illustrated here.

  13. During the upward stroke, an auxiliary pump fills the cooling water reservoir.

  14. THE SUCCESS • protect the engine under Savery’s patent • First self-operating machine • Dominate mine pumping for nearly 2 centuries • By 1800 : 1800 engines were built • 20th century : a few were still working

  15. OPENING ON WATT INNOVATION • On years 1760s : Watt had to repair a Newcomen’s model • Problem lay in the cyclic heating and cooling of the cylinder = separate condenser • Put double-action machines in place of single-action ones as Newcomen steam engine = continuity of the movement

  16. SURVEY ON VENTRON TEXTILE MUSEUM

  17. PROBLEMATIC • How to supply textile factories with energy? • Context : 20th century : development of the electricity • Problem :cost of electricity in off-peak hours

  18. PRESENTATION OF THE MUSEUM • Building of the first textile factories category • Relate the history of thread and textile production • 4 floors : - driving force of textile industry - spinning of the cotton - industrial weaving - work of the flax

  19. THE WATT ENGINE • Built in 1903 by « Société Anonyme de Mécanique Industrielle d’Anzin » • Power : 30 horses • Weight : 5 thunders • Diameter : 4 meters

  20. BOILER • Built in 1902 • Maximum pressure : 12 kg • Dimensions : 8x(2x3.2) • Composed of 2 boilers

  21. CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR • If the engine gained excessive speed, centrifugal force drove the balls and the balls the steam valve. • The engine then slowed.

  22. MANOMETER • measure steam pressure within the engine • connected to the position of the piston • at the beginning : a pencil traced the Indicator Diagram

  23. CONDENSER • divert the spent steam out of the cylinder and into a separate chamber, called a condenser, where it was cooled. • Machine more efficient

  24. CRANKSHAFT • part of an engine • which translates • reciprocating linear • piston motion • into rotation

  25. TRANSMISSION

  26. SPINNING PROCESS Card Bale cleaner Comber Spinning machine Spinning spool

  27. CONCLUSION • Importance of Newcomen’s discoveries and achievements • Improvement of our knowledge on visiting Ventron museum • Our feelings about this visit

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