Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolism

1. Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolism

2. Section 1 Nutritional Function of Proteins

3. § 1.1 The significance of proteins 1. Keep the cells and tissues growing, renewing and mending 2. Take part in some kinds of important physiological activities 3. Oxidation and supply energy

4. § 1.2 The requirements and nutritious value of proteins 1. Nitrogen balance Measuring the amount of intake and losses of total nitrogen can help us to know the general situation of protein metabolism.

5. There are three kinds of conditions: 1) Normal nitrogen balance intake N = losses N 2) Positive nitrogen balance intake N > losses N 3) Negative nitrogen balance intake N < losses N

6. 2. Physical requirements of proteins • Lowest requirement: 30~50g/day • Recommend requirement: 80g/day (65kg man)

7. 3. Nutrition value of proteins (1) Essential amino acids : Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. Eight kinds of essential AAs: Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Met, Trp, Thr, Lys

8. (2) Non- essential amino acids other 12 kinds of AAs (3) Semi-essential amino acids Tyr←Phe Cys←Met Note: His and Arg are essential AAs for infants and children.

9. (4) Complementary effect of dietary proteins • Two or more plant proteins are consumed together which complement each other in essential amino acid content.

10. Section 2 Digestion, Absorption and Putrefaction

11. §2.1 Digestion site: stomach, small intestine enzymes: pepsin Proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice

12. Proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice trypsin: Arg, Lys (C) chymotrypsin: Tyr, Trp, Phe, Met, Leu (C) endopeptidases elastase: Ala, Gly, Ser (C) carboxypeptidase exopeptidases aminopeptidase

13. enterokinase trypsin trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin elastase proelastase procarboxypeptidase carboxypeptidase

15. §2.2 Absorption §2.3Putrefaction of proteins Concept: Some undigested proteins and no absorbed products are anaerobic decomposed by the bacteria in intestine. The products are toxic to body except few vitamin and fatty acid.

16. 1. Production of amines

17. 2. Production of ammonia (NH3) • Two sources: (1) Metabolism on unabsorbed amino acids (2) Urea hydrolyzed by urease

18. 3. Some other toxic materials • Tyr → phenol • Trp → indole • Cys → hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

19. Section 3 General Metabolism of Amino Acid

20. § 3.1 The sources and fates of AAs Amino acid metabolic pool: amino acids in intracellular and extracellular fluids.

21. 1. Sources of amino acids • Dietary protein from intestine • Breakdown of tissue protein • Synthesis in the body

22. 2. Fates of amino acids • Deamination • Decarboxylation • Synthesis of non-protein nitrogen compounds such as purine and pyrimidine • Synthesis of proteins

24. § 3.2 Degradation of protein in cells 1. Lysosomal pathway • Extracellular proteins, membrane-associated proteins and long-lived proteins • ATP-independent process • Cathepsins

25. 2. Cytosol pathway • Abnormal proteins, damaged proteins and short-lived proteins • ATP and ubiquitin • Proteasome

26. § 3.3 The catabolism of AAs 1. Deamination of AAs Four types: transamination oxidative deamination union deamination non-oxidative deamination

27. (1) Transamination

28. Transamination is the process by which an amino group, usually from glutamate, is transferred to an α-keto acid, with formation of the corresponding amino acid plus α-ketoglutarate.

29. Key points: ① reversible ② Lys and Pro cannot be transaminated. ③ Aminotransferases utilize a coenzyme - pyridoxal phosphate - which is derived from vitamin B6.

30. Amino acid pyridoxal phosphate Schiff base pyridoxamine phosphate α-keto acid Isomer of Schiff base

31. Two important transaminases: ALT: Alanine aminotransferase (in liver) AST: Aspartate aminotransferase (in heart)

32. (2) Oxidative deamination

33. (3) Union deamination The α- amino group of most amino acids is transferred to α- ketoglutarate to form an α- keto acid and glutamate by transaminase. Glutamate is then oxidatively deaminated to yield ammonia and α- ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase.

35. Pyruvate + glutamate Alanine + α-ketoglutarate Glutamate + NAD+ + H2O α-ketoglutarate + NADH + NH4+ Net Reaction: Alanine + NAD+ + H2O pyruvate + NADH + NH4+

36. (3)Purine nucleotide cycle (in muscle)

37. 2. Metabolism of -keto acid (1) Formation of non- essential AAs (2) Formation of glucose or lipids (3) Provide energy

38. catabolites of amino acid -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Intermediates of TAC Fumarate Oxaloacetate PEP Glucose Pyruvate Fatty acid Acetyl CoA Acetoacetyl CoA Ketone bodies

39. Amino acids of converted into ketone bodies or fatty acids are termed ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids of converted into glucose are termed glucogenic amino acids. Amino acids of converted into both glucose and ketone bodies are termed glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.

40. Classification

41. Section 4 Metabolism of Ammonia

42. § 4.1 Source and outlet of ammonia (NH3) 1. Sources: ⑴ Endogenous sources: ①Deamination of AAs--main source ② Catabolism of other nitrogen containing compounds ③ Kidney secretion (Gln)

44. ⑵ Exogenous sources： ① Putrefaction in the intestine. ② Degradation of urea in the intestine

45. 2. Outlets: (1) Formation of urea (2) Formation of Gln (3) Excrete in urine (4) Synthesis of AA

46. § 4. 2 Transportation of NH3 1. Alanine-glucose cycle 2. Transportation of ammonia by Gln

48. 1. Alanine-glucose cycle

49. 2. Transportation of ammonia by Gln

50. § 4. 3 Formation of urea 1. Site: liver (mitochondria and cytosol) 2. Process --------- ornithine cycle