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Rise of Big Business in America – What you really need to know…. When / how did big multi state businesses emerge? What key social and economic concepts shaped the rise of big business? Who were the robber barons – what makes them so significant?
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Rise of Big Business in America –What you really need to know… • When / how did big multi state businesses emerge? • What key social and economic concepts shaped the rise of big business? • Who were the robber barons – what makes them so significant? • What were some of the results and criticisms of the new industrial America, and what forms did these criticisms take? • Who were the muckrakers and what impact did they have?
“it is your duty to get rich, it is wrong to be poor” Russel Conwell • "The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship.“ Andrew Carnegie • "I believe the power to make money is a gift of God. . . . I believe it is my duty to make money and still more money and to use the money I make for the good of my fellow man according to the dictates of my conscience." J. D. Rockefeller • “I aimed at America’s heart, but I think I hit them in the stomach” • Upton Sinclair 1906 • THE principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. Frederick Taylor 1911
Rise of Industrialism Stats • 1869 – 1913 GNP Rose 56 Percent • 1865 US 4th Behind GB, FR, Ger • 1900 US 1st • 1900 US largest Petroleum Producer • 150,000 miles of RR 1865- 1895 • 1910 US = 33% of all manufactures in World
What made the expansion of businesses possible? • Industrial revolution in general • Expansion of transportation network • Civil War realization of necessities • Scientific Processes / Scientific Management • By 1900 US free from major domestic security concerns • Gov protections (tariffs, land, tax breaks) • Immigration • Foreign Investment • Increase of Stock Companies • Close of Frontier / Turner’s Thesis
Who were the Robber Barons? • Rockefeller • Carnegie • Morgan • Vanderbilt • Stanford • Hearst • Pulitzer
Key Inventions / Inventors that play into the rise of big business • Bessemer Process • Thomas Edison • Lights • Movies • Phonograph • Bell and the Phone • Brooklyn Bridge • Railroads are both a cause and a result
Concepts – that helped make businesses grow so fast • Social Darwinism • Laissez Faire • Gospel of Wealth • Vertical Integration • Scientific Management (Taylor) • Sherman Act
Results / Reactions • Increased urbanization • Plight of urban poor • Rich v. poor gap • $100 bill cigar lighters • Rise of “middle management” • Union Busting (Homestead Strike) • Increased fear of communism / anarchists • Gospel of Wealth – Morality of Philanthropy
The chart shows the share of the richest 10 percent of the American population in total income – an indicator that closely tracks many other measures of economic inequality – over the past 90 years, as estimated by the economists Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez.
Anti Trust - Reform • Sherman Act • Roosevelt • Progressives • Muckrakers • Tarbell • Sinclair • McClure’s • Riis • Steffens
Labor Organizations @1900“all we want, is more” S. Gompers • Reaction to Big Business • Europe at same time • Homestead Strike • Knights of Labor – Utopian / Universal • Haymarket Bombing • AF of L – Skilled workers, realistic, Gompers (Capitalist) • IWW – Debs, Socialists • Eventual Red Scare hurts labor • Pullman Strike
Immigration Traps and Misconceptions • Huge percentage came illegally • Illegal immigrants pay taxes • Don’t forget Angel Island / West Coast • Don’t forget Mexico • Many immigrants were wealthy • Up to 40% planned on re-migration • 25% did re-migrate • US was not the only target of Immigration • Numerically today is greater wave of immigration • Percentage today is only slightly behind the late 19th Century Boom
US at 1900 Urbanization of America: Key Questions • Why did cities get so big? What challenges went with that growth? • How did Political Machines influence urban life? • What was life like for new urban dwellers?
Immigration Vocab Terms • Golden Door • Ellis Island / Angel Island • Steerage • Quarantines • Ghettos • Tenements • Settlement Houses • Birds of Passage • The “New Immigration”
Baxter Street Alley in Mulberry Bend (Riis) Court at 24 Baxter Street (Riis)
Boss Tweed • I don't care a straw for your newspaper articles, my constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures. I don't care who does the electing, so long as I get to do the nominating.
Push and Pull Factors on Urbanization • Growth of business / jobs, new jobs • Transportation makes food available • Fewer farming jobs available • Romance of the big city / Success Stories • Immigrant entry points • Cosmopolitan culture • Brings Challenges – • Social Services, Fire, Police, Sanitation, Education, Public Health, Roads, Fuel, Refrigeration, Storage
Political Machines and the City • Local versions of political parties, sponsored candidates etc • Exchange of favors for votes • Prey on immigrants • Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed, GW Plunkitt
Combo of Urb / Immig / Labor etc leads to the “Progressives” • Generally defined 1901-1918 • Loose grouping of reform movements and their leaders • Gathered steam after TR comes in • Muckrakers were early examples • Prohib, Suffrage, Af Am rights, Immig rights, worker rights all loosely Progressive • Attitude of “progress” • Why so many women? • Very middle class oriented – Goal is to make everyone look like mid class / share mid class values • Ex – Settlement Houses – classes on Americanization 1906
Progressive Highlights • Teddy Roosevelt – Square Deal / Trustbusting • Muckrakers • Jane Addams / Florence Kelley / Hull House • NAWSA • NAACP • Was progressivism really “progressive?” • Progress implies problem? • Who decides? • OK to change people’s values? • Central park v. Coney Island • Limit working hours v. maximize earning potential • Melting pot v. salad bowl?
Baxter Street Alley in Mulberry Bend (Riis) Court at 24 Baxter Street (Riis)
Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt • Post CW Generation • Self Created • Cowboy Image • Sec Navy / Rough Riders • VP Candidate / Ascends • Panama / Big Stick • Roosevelt Corollary • Progressivism / Square Deal Trust Busting / Muckrakers • Conservation / National Parks • Assertion of Presidential power • Selection of Taft • Later Progressive / Bull Moose Campaign
Foreign Policy Before WWI • McKinley / Roosevelt – Start of Imperialism • Competing with Europe • Imperialism mostly as good thing • Big Stick / Roosevelt Corollary • Span AM War , Panama, R/J War, Venezuela • Taft – Dollar Diplomacy • Wilson – Theoretically less aggressive, actually more so • Haiti • Mexico • WWI • US must not be seen as weak
The Square Deal Dance - 1908
Puck Magazine 1905
"I Rather Like That Imported Affair"
Circa 1900 Life for African Americans3 Main Ideas • Remember – Plessy v. Ferguson, Lynching, Rise of KKK, • Northern Migration • Discrimination • African American Response • Cultural Response – • 1920s Harlem Renaissance • Political Reaction
Ida B. Wells (Barnett) • Outspoken journalist / activist • Specifically vocal on anti-lynching • Accusatory (toward north + non-action)
Booker T. Washington • “Heir to F. Douglass”? • Tuskegee Institute • Vocational Schools • Need to “earn rights” • Gradualism
Marcus Garvey • 1920s version of Bishop Henry Turner • Re-Colonization Movement • Garvey-ites
W.E.B. DuBois • PhD • NAACP • The Crisis • The Talented Tenth • The problem of the 20th Century is that of the color line
1920s – African Americans6 Specifics • Jim Crow • Lynching • Booker T. Washington • Marcus Garvey • W.E.B. DuBois • Harlem Renaissance