The Rise of the Totalitarianism in Europe

1. The Rise of the Totalitarianism in Europe U.S. History II

3. The Rise of Totalitarianism and Nationalism • Nationalism: a devotion to the culture, history, and destiny of ones nation • Totalitarianism: the government controls all aspects of life in the state, and individuals have no rights and the state suppresses all opposition • The 1930’s represent an extreme form of nationalism

4. http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ nazioccupation/images/blitzinpoland.gif http://www.conservapedia.com/images/9/97/Moving_into_poland.jpg

5. Once Again… • The unsteady and unfair peace following World War I http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/thebig4.GIF http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/1920s/CarlosVersaillesMap650pxw.png

6. Legacy of World War I • Despite the millions of human casualties incurred by World War I, the wounded pride of the nations involved probably caused the most significant long-term effects • France: 1.4 million • Germany: 1.8 million • British Empire: 900,000 • Italy: 650,000 • Russia: largely unknown

7. Legacy of World War I • Figures of later historical importance heard the news of the Armistice in different locations under different circumstances • Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor mingled with the crowds in Washington, D.C. • Minister of Munitions Winston Churchill observed the crowds in Trafalgar Square • Benito Mussolini, editor of a newspaper, gathered with some admirers, dressed in black uniforms • Joseph Stalin took little notice of the news, instead focused on consolidating Vladimir Lenin’s power • Corporal Adolf Hitler, rehabbing in a military hospital was embarrassed: “the greatest villainy of the century.”

9. Legacy of World War I • Although the U.S. only sacrificed about 50,000 men in the war, its economic power and Woodrow Wilson’s vision of a world “safe for democracy” appealed to those gathered to settle the peace at Versailles • Wilson argued passionately for the League of Nations, but he compromised on other issues • Distinct nationalities were placed under the control of foreign countries • The Rhineland was demilitarized • France received Alsace and Lorraine • Germany’s military was restricted • Germany surrendered its colonies and Eastern lands to PolandGermany would be forced to pay reparations for the cost of the war

11. Legacy of World War I • The Weimar Republic was established in Germany in the face of possible Bolshevik-style revolution, hardships among the civilian population, and a disgraced army that returned to Germany unvanquished • Lingering hostility resulted from the Treaty of Versailles • The new nations of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, and Yugoslavia were created, although many of the people were hostile to one another • Britain and France divided the Middle East into mandates • Japan gained territory on the Chinese mainland • The French felt deprived of complete victory • The Italians felt cheated • Germans felt betrayed • Russia was denied a voice, so it felt no obligation to uphold any agreements • The United States retreated into isolationism

12. Germany’s New Government • The Weimar Republic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_republic

13. Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union • Communism- an economic and political system based on a one-party government and state ownership of property • The state was controlled by Joseph Stalin’s iron fist http://img.timeinc.net/time/personoftheyear/archive/photohistory/images/stalin.jpg

14. Russian Revolution and Rise of Stalin • The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, revolted against the Provisional Government formed after Czar Nicholas II’s abdication in 1917 • After seizing control of the government, Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin made their intentions clear • Private ownership of property was abolished and land was distributed to those that worked it • Workers controlled industry • Banks were nationalized • Revolutionary tribunals replaced courts • Immediate end to the war • Those nations that profited from the war would face the forces of world revolution

15. Russian Revolution and the Rise of Stalin • Throughout the Russian civil war that followed, the Red Army fought the White Russians (anti-Bolshevik forces) for control of the nation’s government • Despite their shortcomings, the Red Army was able to defeat the White Russians because they were divided and supported by foreign nations, which caused Russian citizens to rally to the Bolshevik cause • By the end of the civil war in 1921, 100,000 had been killed and millions more had died because of the hardships of war • To cope with the economic collapse that followed, Lenin requisitioned crops and products from peasants, but later replaced this policy with some private enterprise

16. The Russian Revolution and the Rise of Stalin • As Lenin’s health failed, he named Joseph Stalin (“man of steel”) to high level positions within the government • Stalin convinced the government to make Russia a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the control of Moscow • Stalin became the leader after Lenin’s death in 1924 and focused on creating a model communist state • Stalin grasped sole power by arguing that the Soviet Union was strong enough to build a socialist state within its borders and didn’t have to expand the revolution around the world • Stalin introduced the first in a series of Five Year Plans that would bring about industrialization, and by 1937, the Soviet Union would be the second largest industrial power • Much of Stalin’s power depended on coercion and violence against those that challenged him

17. Stalin’s Style of Leadership • Farmers forced to join collectives or face deportation to work camps in Siberia • 14 Million people either starved to death or were executed by the state • Targeted the kulaks, who were more successful than other farmers • Farmers attempted to resist, but it was of little use- they faced impossible quotas • Also targeted the church because it threatened the state’s power

18. http://gulaghistory.org/exhibits/nps/onlineexhibit/ stalin/crime-src/images/trial_detail.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Holodomor.jpg

19. Rise of Italian Fascism • Fascism: Political philosophy that advocates strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator • Italy’s version controlled by Benito Mussolini • Mussolini also used strict censorship and state propaganda

21. While in exile in Switzerland, Mussolini found his passion for politics, the media, and extreme views Mussolini actively encouraged Italy’s involvement in World War I After the war, he organized a group of former soldiers disaffected with the outcome: the fascio (a tight bundle of rods carried in ancient Rome as the symbol of authority) - Mussolini was strongly anti-communist, which earned him the support of businessmen and the clergy Il Duce: Mussolini

22. The Rise of Fascist Italy • Beaten at the polls, the Fascists used violence and terror tactics to gain additional power • Mussolini took control of a popular movement that was demanding jobs and public works programs throughout the Italian countryside, and the mob demanded a march on Rome • Responding to the threat of revolution, King Victor Emmanuel III offered Mussolini the office of Premier, which he accepted

23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

24. The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Once in office, Mussolini used his authority, charisma, and violent tactics to consolidate his power • After removing competing parties from the government, he announced to the Fascists that he would rule as dictator, “Il Duce,” and he suspended all civil liberties in 1925 • Local towns were run by officials appointed by Rome • The press and the media were censored • Education was closely monitored • Cooperation between worker and employer was encouraged • Formed a bond between Catholic Church and Italian government • Some successes in industry, agriculture, land reclamation and public works programs

25. Totalitarian Germany Nazism: the political philosophy based on extreme nationalism, racism, and militaristic expansion championed by Hitler http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/adolf_hitler.jpg http://www.adl.org/education/dimensions_19/images/section1/nazi_rally.jpg

27. Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power • Adolf Hitler served as a dispatch runner in during World War I, and by all accounts he was a brave if unusual soldier • He became seriously depressed at the end of the war and blamed the defeat on a widespread Jewish conspiracy, an obsession that would haunt him for the rest of his life • After the war, he became an undercover agent working for the army to uncover Marxist agitators, and he discovered that he was a skilled speaker who could arouse the passions of an audience

28. Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power • While investigating the German Workers’ Party, he found similar interests and joined the organization • Under Hitler’s skilled leadership, the German Workers’ Party grew and gained dominance, especially among former soldiers. Hitler’s proposed program gained popularity, and he chose the swastika as the party symbol. The party later changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazis • Hitler was made the dictatorial leader of the Nazi Party in 1921

29. Weakness of Weimar Republic • Caused by economic and institutional problems as well as the contributions of leaders • Germany faced ruinous inflation when the French demanded $33 Billion in reparations payments • 4 marks to the dollar at the announcement • 75 to the dollar • 400 to the dollar in 1922 • France occupied the Ruhr when Germany defaulted • 4,000,000,000 marks to the dollar by 1923 • Support for the Weimar Republic dwindled http://www.911review.com/precedent/century/reichstag.html

30. Rise of Adolf Hitler • Hitler orchestrated the Beer Hall Putsch to kidnap the Bavarian government in the hopes of starting a revolution that would take over the entire German government. The revolution quickly fizzled out when the police and army refused to back Hitler and the brownshirts. Hitler was ultimately arrested and tried for treason

31. The Rise of Hitler • Gained popularity as a result of Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which suggested that man had to fight or be doomed to extinction (Social Darwinism) • he explained his ideas of superior and inferior races, the reasons why superior races should conquer inferior ones, that Aryans required Lebensraum, and Jews represented the greatest threat to Aryan domination http://aryanwear.com/images/mein_kampfHBDeutsch.jpg

32. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • While slowly regaining power, Hitler formed the Hitler Youth and the SA, his force of stormtroopers. Within the SA, a group called the SS was formed to act as his personal bodyguard. He had to be patient since the economy was improving under the Dawes Plan and the people were not desperate for change yet • Affected by the Depression, Germans turned to Nazis and elected them to office in large numbers in 1930. The Nazis disrupted the democratic government at every opportunity • Hitler challenged Paul von Hindenburg in the presidential race of 1932, and garnered a large number of votes

34. Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power • Hitler and his allies challenged the chancellor, the last remaining figure to challenge the Nazis and the SA and SS. Hindenburg forced him to resign, ending the republic • Germany moved closer to becoming an authoritarian government in response to the violence that swept the nation as Nazis attacked all opponents in the streets • After several weeks of turmoil and upheaval in the German government, Hitler was named as Chancellor

36. The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Goring and Goebbels hatched a plan to burn the Reichstag, the building where parliament met, and blame the act on Communists. Hitler used this opportunity to suspend personal liberties, and the government began to round up and punish Communist suspects • Hitler successfully convinced the Reichstag to vote away all democratic powers, and Hitler became the Fuhrer, or single leader, as rights and privileges were stripped away from citizens. Those critical of Hitler’s power were punished accordingly

37. The Rise of Hitler • He perfected the art of oratory • He mastered the ability to manipulate the minds and emotions of others, using his words to engage them • He created a cult with himself as its center http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/history20/unit2/sec2_04.html

38. http://members.aol.com/rantpage/sa.jpg http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/images/nazsaprop.jpg

40. Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1934) • Video of the Nuremberg Rally

41. http://depthome.sunysuffolk.edu/Library/HDHU/collection.asp

42. A Display of German Nationalism • 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin • Jesse Owens was the star of track and field http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Berlin_1936.jpg

44. Japanese Militarism • Militarism: the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy • Japanese government and policy was increasingly influenced by the military, especially the army • Japanese military leaders sought expansion to access more room for colonization and resources for expansion • The military grew increasingly independent of the civilian administration, and any civilian government that wished to survive needed the support of the military

45. Japanese Militarism http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/ww2/bfa/images/map01.gif

46. Japanese Militarism • Japan had earlier gained control of Korea and Taiwan, and they sought additional territory from China • Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 by arguing that they were doing so to protect peace and stability in the region. When the case was taken to the League of Nations, and the body condemned the Japanese, Japan left the organization

47. Japanese Conquest of Manchuria http://www.axishistory.com/fileadmin/user_upload/j/jp-infantry-soviettanks-manchuria1939.jpg

48. Japanese Militarism • After fighting a civil war for a number of years the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists, led by Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai, agreed to set their differences aside and concentrate on resisting the Japanese • The Japanese launched a brutal assault in 1937, which the Chinese resisted with the aide of the outside world

49. Rape of Nanking http://www.nanking-massacre.com/RAPE_OF_NANKING_OR_NANJING_MASSACRE_1937.html

50. http://www.nanking-massacre.com/RAPE_OF_NANKING_OR_NANJING_MASSACRE_1937.htmlhttp://www.nanking-massacre.com/RAPE_OF_NANKING_OR_NANJING_MASSACRE_1937.html