History and Impacts of Manufacturing Enterprises

1. History and Impacts of Manufacturing Enterprises Production Enterprise

2. What is manufacturing? • The use of technology to make the things that people want and need • Any time you make parts and put the parts together to make a product • Products can be large or small, simple or complex

3. Early Manufacturing • Each person or family made what they needed • Sometimes they made extra products and traded them for other items • This was known as bartering.

4. Cottage Industries • Families began to specialize in one thing such as baking or weaving • They made enough of an item to sell • Manufacturing took place in the home

5. The Factory System • Came into being in the 1800s • Machines were developed • People went to work in factories and people were paid for their work • Beginning of the Industrial Revolution

6. The Factory System • Workers were paid very little • Even young children had to work • Gradually labor unions were formed so that workers could present demands to the companies • Laws were passed to increase wages and improve working conditions

7. Modern Manufacturing • Today’s manufacturing is done in factories, but is much safer and more efficient • Demand for products determines what will be manufactured • Consumer products that are widely produced are created in large quantities and kept in stock

8. Modern Manufacturing • Modern manufacturing falls into one of three basic types of production systems: • Custom production • Intermittent production • Continuous production

9. Custom Production • Products are made one at a time according to a customers specifications • Usually more expensive

10. Intermittent Production • A limited quantity of a product is made then production of that product is stopped • Factories are re-tooled so that something different can be made • Many seasonal items are produced this way • This is also called job lot production

11. Continuous Production • System for mass producing products • Large quantity of the same product is made in one steady process • In an assembly line or production line the product moves from one workstation to another. This is called line production

12. Who does Manufacturing? • Companies and corporations • The Global Market • International Competition

13. Who does Manufacturing?: Companies and Corporations • A company is an organization formed for the purpose of doing business • A corporation is a company that is owned by many people who have bought shares in it

14. Who does Manufacturing?: The Global Market • Many US companies have plants in different parts of the world. • Often take advantage of lower labor cost and lower cost of materials. • Sometimes locations are chosen based on the products that are being sold (to eliminate transport of the products)

15. Who does Manufacturing?: The Global Market • Many products such as clothes, appliances, and medicines are in demand around the world • The growing need for products and the reduction of trade barriers has helped to create a Global Market

16. Who does Manufacturing?: International Competition • World-wide competition has made quality an important issue • Manufacturers must make a profit (the amount of money made after all expenses have been paid) • One method of staying competitive is to increase productivity (comparison of the amount of goods produced to the amount of resources used to produce them

17. Manufacturing Systems • A system is an orderly way of achieving a goal.

18. Systems Model INPUT

19. Input • Something put into a system • Usually a combination of the resources

20. Resources • People • Materials • Tools and Machines • Energy • Capital • Information • Time

21. Systems Model INPUT PROCESS

22. Process • Part of the system in which something is done • It is the “action” part of the system

23. Systems Model OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS

24. Output • The result of the system’s processes • Can be desirable or undesirable • Can be expected or not expected

25. Impacts • Economy • Society • Politics • Environment

26. Impacts: Economy • For example: • A number of people’s jobs are related to the manufacturing industry • When workers are laid off, few products are purchased

27. Impacts: Society • Many manufactured items are seen as symbols of: • a person’s status, • wealth, or • personality

28. Impacts: Politics • Should the government protect American companies from global competitions? • Should the government “buy-out” American companies to protect from bankruptcy?

29. Impacts: Environment • What kind of non-renewable resources are used to manufacture items? • Can manufactured items (such as cars) be designed to be more environmentally friendly?

30. Systems Model OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS FEEDBACK

31. Feedback • Information about the output of a system • Used to monitor how a system is working • If a system is not giving the desired results, you must troubleshoot

32. Systems Model OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS FEEDBACK