Six Kingdoms Review

1. Six Kingdoms Review • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animilia NOT viruses - not living

2. Viruses

3. Virus characteristics • nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat • smaller than the smallest bacterium • nonliving particles • shape determines the cell the virus attacks • A virus that infects a bacterium is called a bacteriophage or phage for short. This picture shows the three major virus shapes.

4. Viral metabolism • Viruses cannot grow, reproduce, or develop without a host cell. • Viruses share parasitic relationships with their hosts.

5. Viral structure Capsid • Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) • Envelope: layer that surrounds the capsid, found mostly in larger viruses (such as those that affect humans)

6. Lytic cycle: rapid replication and assembly, followed with lysis (bursting)

7. Lysogenic cycle: Can become dormant for months or years - then activated B. Provirus Formation A. Attachment and Entry Provirus Although the provirus is inactive, it replicates along with the host cell’s chromosome. C. Cell Division Bacterial host chromosome A lysogenic virus injects its nucleic acid into a bacterium. The viral nucleic acid is called a provirus when it becomes part of the host’s chromosome. LYSOGENIC CYCLE LYTIC CYCLE The provirus leaves the chromosome. The cell breaks open releasing viruses. Viral nucleic acid and proteins are made.

8. Lysogenic viral diseases • herpes simplex I • herpes simplex II that causes genital herpes • hepatitis B virus • Chickenpox virus but may become lytic and cause shingles Herpes virus

9. HIV • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a condition called AIDS. • HIV destroys the T cells that are part of the human immune system. • When the T cell counts drop to a particular level, a person is said to have AIDS. • Retroviruses are viruses that have RNA instead of DNA as the genetic material

10. Cancer and viruses • Some viruses cause cancers. • These viruses cause the cells to divide abnormally, creating tumors.

11. Plant virus • The first virus to be identified was a plant virus, called tobacco mosaic virus, that causes disease in tobacco plants. • Plant viruses enter the plant through wounds or insect bites. Tobacco mosaic virus causes yellow spots on tobacco leaves, making them unmarketable.

12. Neutral plant viruses • Some mosaic viruses cause striking patterns of color in the flowers of plants. Rembrandt tulips

13. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

14. Three main types of Archaebacteria • Methanogens: live on anaerobic environment, produces methane gas in marshes, cows, sewage disposal. • Halophiles: lives only in water with high concentrations of salt • Thermophiles: live in the hot, acidic waters of sulfur springs and near cracks deep in the ocean floor

15. Eubacteria characteristics(different kingdom) • Small • Unicellular • Single circular DNA chromosome instead of linear chromosome • Lives in more hospitable environments than archaebacteria • Diverse nutritional needs • Heterotroph: consume organic matter • Saprobe: digests dead or decaying matter • Autotroph: produces own organic matter through photosynthesis

16. Eubacteria anatomy (E. coli) Ribosome Cytoplasm Chromosome Flagellum CellMembrane Gelatin-like capsule Cell Wall

17. Alexander Fleming, discoverer ofpenicillinin 1928 Penicillin can block cell wall production, which can cause bacteria to be destroyed.

18. Gramstain • a technique that determines the differences in the composition of bacterial cell walls (thick or thin) Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria

19. Bacterial shapes • Bacterial cell walls also give bacteria different shapes • Coccus: spheres • Bacillus: rods • Spirillum: spirals

20. How bacteria grow • Diplo: a paired arrangement of cell growth • Staphylo: an arrangement of cells that resemble grapes • Strepto: an arrangement of chains of cells • Example: Streptococcus • Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as binary fission. Chains of spheres (circles)

21. Binary fission • Then, a partition forms between the chromosomes. This partition separates the cell into two similar cells. • Because each new cell has either the original or the copy of the chromosome, the resulting cells are genetically identical.

22. Endospores • Structure that contains a bacterium’s DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm • Encased by a tough outer covering • Resistant to drought and extreme conditions • May survive thousands of years • Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax is able to form spores in harsh conditions and become active under favorable conditions. Spores can spread through inhalation, digestion, or contact.

23. Food and medicine • Some foods that you eat—mellow Swiss cheese, crispy pickles, tangy yogurt— would not exist without bacteria. • Bacteria is more HELPFUL than harmful

24. Harmful bacteria • Disease-causing bacteria can enter bodies through openings, such as the mouth. • How bacteria harm host bodies • Bacterial growth can interfere with the normal function of body tissue. • Bacteria can release a toxin that directly attacks the host.

25. Diseases caused by bacteria Diseases Caused by Bacteria Treatment Transmission Symptoms Disease Fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands Antibiotic Inhale or ingest through mouth Strep throat (Streptococcus) Antibiotic Inhale Fatigue, fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain Tuberculosis Puncture wound Stiff jaw, muscle spasms, paralysis Tetanus Open and clean wound, antibiotic; give antitoxin Rash at site of bite, chills, body aches, joint swelling Antibiotic Lyme disease Bite of infected tick Remove and fill the destroyed area of tooth Bacteria in mouth Destruction of tooth enamel, toothache Dental cavities (caries) Vaccination to prevent, antibiotics Sore throat, fever, heart or breathing failure Inhale or close contact Diptheria

26. Protists

27. Protist characteristics • Eukaryotic: having organelles and nucleus • Unicellular or multicellular • Heterotrophic, autotrophic, or saprobic • Microscopic or large • Divided into three major groups: • Protozoans (animal-like) • Algae (plant-like) • Smile molds (fungus-like protists)

28. Protozoans: animal-like protists • Heterotroph: consume organic matter • Unicellular

29. Protozoans (animal-like): Movement with pseudopods • Pseudopod:“false foot” Amoeba, shapeless cells

30. Feeding with pseudopods The extensions of the cellular body surrounding food particles, which the amoeba then draws into itself for digestion.

31. Movement with flagella • This disease causing Giardiaprotozoan has flagella to move around.

32. Movement with cilia • Note the fine cilia that surround the paramecium, making a “halo glow.”

33. Algea: Plant-like Protist • Algae: Autotroph - uses light to make sugars through photosynthesisLack roots, stems, and leavesplant-like protists

34. Algae (plant-like) pigmentation • All have chlorophyll • Some have other pigments: purple, rusty-red, olive-brown, yellow, and golden-brown. • Algae are grouped according to their pigmentation. • Green algae (most diverse) can grow almost anywhere. Even on the fur of sloths

35. Red tide (caused by plant-like protist) • Concentration of nerve toxins from certain algea blooms that cause water bodies to appear red. • This water and contaminated shellfish can make humans sick.

36. Fungus-like protists • Decompose dead matter • Mobility during some stage of life cycle • No chitin in cell walls

37. Slime molds, water molds, and downy molds (fungus-like) • Cool, moist environments • Able to move around to feed during most of the life cycle Fuzzy white growth on decaying matter

38. Helpful protists • Algae through photosynthesis produce oxygen, that makes up the ozone layer. • Algae and protozoans can also be part of the plankton that feeds marine animals. • Fungus-like protists decompose matter and return nutrients back to the soil. plankton

39. Fungus

40. Fungus characteristics • Found everywhere • Variety of colors and appearances • Grows best in moist, warm environments • Chitin cell walls • Hyphae: long strands that make up the fungus body

41. Hyphae functions • Produce spores • Anchor the fungus • Reproduction • Absorb a food source: secretes enzymes that break down food so nutrients are easily absorbed

42. How fungus absorbs food Chemicals released by hyphae digest dead materials. Hyphae absorb the digested food.

43. Harmful fungus • Spoilsfood (molds) • Cause diseases and illnesses (athlete’s foot, ringworm) • Destroys crops

44. Helpful fungus • Decomposes waste matter and returns nutrients back to the soil

45. How fungi reproduce • Fragmentation: parts break off and grow • Budding: fungi growing from mature body and then breaks off • Spores: structures that are produced, released, and germinated into mature forms Yeast budding

46. Spores germinating

47. Fungi Example: yeasts • Undergo alcohol fermentation so are often used to produce alcoholic drinks • Also used in baking to make bread rise • Commonly used in bioengineering to produce vaccines.

48. Lichen • Mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae • Fungus provides hospitable environment for the algae. • Algae produces sugars for the fungus.