Early Theories of Intelligence

1. Early Theories of Intelligence • Charles Spearman • Believed intelligence is general • People who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well • L. L. Thurstone • Believed that intelligence is made up of seven distinct, independent abilities • Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning

2. Early Theories of Intelligence • R. B. Cattell • Identified two clusters of mental abilities • Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal skills • Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice visual details • While education can increase crystallized intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect on fluid intelligence

3. Contemporary Intelligence Theories Howard Gardner (1983, 1999) supports Thurstone’s idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms. Gardner notes that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others. People with savant syndrome excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence.

4. Howard Gardner Gardner proposes eight types of intelligences and speculates about a ninth one — existential intelligence. Existential intelligence isthe ability to think about the question of life, death and existence.

5. Contemporary Theories of Intelligence • Robert Sternberg • Triarchic theory of intelligence posits three types of intelligence not Gardner’s 8+ • Analytical intelligence includes the ability to learn how to do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge. Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests. • Creative intelligence includes the ability adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, and respond well in new situations • Practical intelligence includes the ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems. Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).

6. Theories: Comparison