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The Organelles

Explore the structure and function of cell organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, and more. Understand chromosomes, DNA, and the roles of Golgi apparatus and lysosomes. Discover the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Learn about plant cell features such as the cell wall and chloroplast.

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The Organelles

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  1. The Organelles -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus -cytoskeleton -cell membrane/wall -vacuole -mitochondria -chloroplast -golgi Apparatus -centrioles -lysosomes -ribosomes -endoplasmic reticulum(ER) *Rough ER & Smooth ER

  2. CELL WALL Plant cells and certain algae, bacteria, and fungi Support Protection Allows materials in and out of cell

  3. Nucleus • The “brain” of the cell • Controls all of the cellular activities • DNA is inside the nucleus

  4. Nucleus are found inside the nucleus CHROMOSOMES- carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have Chromosomes –

  5. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

  6. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine

  7. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

  8. NUCLEOLUS • The dark area in the nucleus • Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus. • Ribosomes made here

  9. Cell Membrane

  10. Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell Holds all the material inside the cell and keeps all the “stuff” in place in the cell. Controls what passes in and out of the cell All cells have a cell membrane

  11. Mitochondria • Mito = Mighty / Power • The Power-House of the cell • They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live • If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria

  12. The Mitochondria structure has three main parts: OUTER MEMBRANE:covers the mitochondria INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here So…the more space it has the more energy it can create

  13. MATRIX:a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together (like a solution) • The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy

  14. Endoplasmic Reticulum • also known as the “ER” • it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell

  15. There are 2 types of ER! Smooth ER vs. Rough ER

  16. Smooth ER • Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things- like a conveyer belt • Shaped slightly tubular • Creates steroids • Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced

  17. Rough ER • It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance • Bumps are called RIBOSOMES • ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

  18. Types of Ribosomes • There are two kinds of ribosomes 1) Attached to the rough ER 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm • Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER • Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm

  19. Ribosomes • small dot-like structures in cells • they are often associated with forming rough ER • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells • they are made in the nucleus of the cell • A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute

  20. Ribosome Structure • Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA) • These molecules are arranged into two subunits • These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome • When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots

  21. GOLGI APPARATUS • Also called the Golgi Complex or • Golgi Body WHAT DOES IT DO? • It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes 1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. 2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES

  22. GOLGI APPARATUS • Stacks of disk shaped membranes. Sort Package proteins Process

  23. LYSOSOMES • Sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down almost all types of biological materials. CELLULAR DRAIN-O

  24. LYSOSOMES (primarily animal) • They combine with the food taken in by the cell • Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria • The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior)

  25. LYSOSOMES • When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) • Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted • Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally • “Suicide Sacs” • UV light damages lysosome membrane • The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it

  26. LYSOSOMES

  27. CYTOPLASM everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nuclelus jelly-like material that is eighty percent water and usually clear in color cytoplasm

  28. CYTOPLASM • Surrounding the nuclear envelope and the cytoplasmic organelles. • Home of the cytoskeleton, a network of cytoplasmic filaments that are responsible for the movement of the cell and give the cell its shape

  29. CYTOSKELETON • Chief functions include: • movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis • maintaining the shape of the cell • keeping the cell from getting smashed

  30. CYTOSKELETON

  31. VACUOLE • Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell  • Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

  32. VACUOLE:STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS • Vacuoles in plants support structure • Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack • There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank • Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination

  33. VACUOLE CONT’D • When there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together. • You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over

  34. Turgor Pressure-force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall • Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells

  35. Chloroplast

  36. Chloroplast • the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells • disk-like structures • composed of a single membrane • surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks

  37. SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) • Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy • Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast

  38. Chloroplast • No energy transformation is 100% efficient • Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. • Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light)

  39. Chloroplast • photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food Photosynthesis-

  40. Centrioles

  41. Centrioles: • generally appear in animal cells • they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another • when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle • they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing • as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of the cell.

  42. 1- Nucleus 2- Chromosomes 7- ER 5- Chloroplasts 3- Mitochondria 8- Cell Membrane/wall 4- Ribosomes 6- Vacuoles

  43. Exercize your brain w/ Homework Questions

  44. Assignment Part A Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell? 2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus? 3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane 4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it.

  45. Assignment Part B) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of the cell? 2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body. 3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER. 4. What is the main job of the smooth ER? 5. What type of reactions occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)

  46. Assignment Part C Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. What is the main function of a lysosome? 2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open? 3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you) 4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS? 5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? 6. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?

  47. Assignment Part D(slides 23-) Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them. 1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells. 2. What is the main function of a centriole? 3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell. 4. What do ribosomes make?

  48. CELL THEORY • With the invention of the microscope and the contributions of many scientists, a very important question was answered in the 1850’s. The question was: • Where do cells come from?

  49. There are three concepts to the celltheory… Every living thing is made up of one or more cells. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life Cells come only from other living cells

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