By: Andrew Sung Wei Yang (01) Benjamin Lim (20) Ng Wei Bo (24) Ng Ziyao (25)

1. Ways ASEAN countries Combat Terrorism By: Andrew Sung Wei Yang (01) Benjamin Lim (20) Ng Wei Bo (24) Ng Ziyao (25) 4S1

2. Contents • ASEAN policies • Case study on Bali • MasSelamat • Improvements of ASEAN

3. What is ASEAN • Association of the South-East Asian Nations • Established in 1967 • Principles enshrined in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia: • renunciation of the threat or use of force; • effective cooperation among themselves. • November 2007, ASEAN leaders signed the ASEAN Charter -- ASEAN to be a rules based organization •  committed to fulfilling its various obligations and collective decisions.

4. ASEAN member states • Brunei Darussalam • Cambodia • Indonesia • Lao Peoples Democratic Republic • Malaysia • Myanmar • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam

5. Methods ASEAN use to Counter Terrorism

6. ASEAN efforts in combating terrorism • ASEAN’s efforts in combating terrorism began before the 9/11 attack in 1997 and issued the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime • ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC) was created • Following the 9/11 terrorist attack, ASEAN counter-terrorism cooperation accelerated

7. ASEAN efforts in combating terrorism • On 5 November 2001 in Brunei Darussalam, ASEAN leaders met to adopt the ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism • Terrorism is viewed as a threat to peace and security and challenges to the attainment of peace, progress and prosperity of ASEAN and the realization of ASEAN Vision 2020

8. ASEAN Efforts to Counter Terrorism • Several specific measures were identified to implement the Declaration, some of which includes:

9. ASEAN Efforts to Counter Terrorism

10. ASEAN Efforts to Counter Terrorism • The Annual Conference of ASEAN Chiefs of Police (ASEANAPOL) was then held in May 2002, and called for a joint cooperation in fighting terrorism • ASEAN focal point directory for ASEAN immigration authorities to exchange information was set up

11. ASEAN Efforts to Combat Terrorism • Meetings = fora to exchange ideas and information on best practices in fighting terrorism-related crimes

12. ASEAN Plan of Action to combat Transnational Crime • Terrorism • Information Exchange • Legal Matters • Law Enforcement Matters • Training • Institutional Capacity Building • Extra-regional cooperation

13. Information Exchange • Compile national laws and regulations of Member States, pertaining to terrorism  establishing regional repository of laws • Explore ways for ASEAN to cooperate with ASEANAPOL and relevant international organizations concerned with terrorism matters  facilitate sharing of information and analysis of critical intelligence information    • Enhance cooperation in info. exchange among Member Countries and international agencies to combat terrorism.  • Exchange of info. on technology to detect and deter use of materials of mass destruction in terrorist attacks and develop means to deter cyber terrorism. • Exchange of info. on security practices for international special events, strengthen and expand international cooperation and consultation in anti-terrorist activities.  • Establish database of international treaties and agreements pertaining to terrorism/TNC • Enhance intelligence exchange to facilitate the flow of information, in particular, on terrorists and terrorist organizations, their movement and funding, and any other information needed to protect lives, property and the security of all modes of travel.

14. Legal Matters • Criminalisation of terrorismin ASEAN Member Countries •  Developing legal arrangements to facilitate apprehension, investigation in order to enhance mutual legal and administrative assistance among ASEAN Member Countries • Ratify all relevant anti-terrorist conventions including the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism • Study international conventions on terrorism  integrating them with ASEAN mechanisms on combating international terrorism • Working on a regional operational agreement to combat terrorism  • Work towards multilateral mutual legal assistance agreement  enhance cooperation in combating terrorist acts and deliberating on various aspects of the issue

15. Law Enforcement Matters • Enhance cooperation and coordination in law enforcement and intelligence sharing on terrorism issues affecting ASEAN Member Countries • Deepen cooperation among front-line law enforcement agencies in combating terrorism and sharing best practices

16. Training • Develop regional training programmes and conduct regular conferences to enhance existing capabilities in investigation, intelligence, surveillance, counter-terrorism, detection and monitoring and reporting of terrorist activities • ASEAN Member Countries conducting national training programmes may extend invitations to other ASEAN Member Countries to join their existing programs • Hold a multilateral seminar on emergency response to terrorist threats. 

17. ASEAN Efforts to Combat Terrorism 2003 • Carry out training programmes and projects (counter terrorism) • psychological operation • psychological warfare courses for law enforcement authorities/ intelligence procuring • courses on explosive detection and post-blast investigation • on airport security/ documents security and inspection

18. Institutional Capacity Building • Review and strengthen national mechanisms of ASEAN Member Countries to combat terrorism • Strengthen existing cooperation between the AMMTC and all relevant ASEAN bodies in countering, preventing and suppressing terrorist acts • Finding ways to combat terrorist organizations, support infrastructure and funding and bringing the perpetrators to justice    • Develop regional capacity building programs to enhance existing capabilities of ASEAN Member Countries to investigate, detect, monitor and report on terrorist acts • Convene specialized workshops, seminars and training courses for ASEAN law enforcement officials on new forms of terrorism such as bio-terrorism and cyber-terrorism

19. Extra-regional cooperation • Explore practical ideas and initiatives to increase ASEAN's involvement with the international community to make the fight against terrorism a truly regional and global endeavour • Strengthen cooperation at bilateral, regional and international levels to combat terrorism and affirm that at the international level the United Nations should play a major role

20. EU + ASEAN • Jan 29, 2003 • issued joint declaration including: • joint efforts to get an early endorsement of UN conventions aimed at combating terrorism and organized crime • provide more data sharing on terrorist suspects and their facilities • boost cooperation among law enforcement agencies • Terrorism  “forms part of a complex set of new security challenges which have to be addressed urgently”

21. Work Programme Summary • Member states  urged towards an early accession to all relevant anti-terrorist conventions • working toward establishment of regional database for disseminating information on national laws, regulations • addressing issue of prevention and suppression of terrorist financing

22. Case Study on Bali

23. Why was Bali aimed? • It was a hotspot for many foreigners visiting Southeast Asia • The terrorist wanted lots of international attention by massacring lots of people from different countries

24. Who were responsible? • Al Qaeda • JemaahIslamiyah - Jihad

25. What happened • 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb in his backpack, inside the nightclub Paddy's Pub • A bomb hidden inside a white Mitsubishi van was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the Sari Club, located opposite Paddy's Pub and this bomb proved to be much more deadly • The bomb in the van could be controlled too by remote control (so that the terrorist plan would succeed) • A small bomb detonated outside the U.S. consulate in Denpasar after the 2 bombs

26. Effect of terrorism on Asean (case study Bali)

27. 202 people from 22 countries were killed • The largest fatalities being 88 Australians

28. Economic impact • In 2002, bombing resulted in a fall in tourism in one of Asia’s top destinations • As the main source of income for the people was tourism, the economy was badly affected • For example, tourism dropped larger than 50% for a month after the bombings • Resulting in many Balinese people losing their livelihood • The government faced much pressure to relieve the hardships of the people • Spending was required too to beef up security in the region

29. Social impact • After the Bali bombings, many Balinese wondered what had happened and how the security in Bali could have been so laid back • They could not earn enough money without the tourist and many became impoverished • Balinese mourned for their dead and many were shaken by the event, taking months to get out of their trauma

30. Political impact • The Indonesian government had a responsibility to keep their people safe from terrorist • Thus, much effort and time was needed to step up border security to tighten the security of the country • Immigrants hence took a longer time to be able to gain citizenship and tourists bemoaned the slow immigration clearance by the Indonesian immigration, a major deterrence (many thinking of Bali as unsafe too)

31. However… • In 2005, Bali was bombed again… • Resulting in 20 victims

32. Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ft7rgxkEdc4&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUXq77uNg_g&feature=related

33. Looking at Mas.Selamat.

34. Case Study: Mas Selamat • Background Information • MasSelamat began his involvement with terrorist group JI in the 1990s • He was sent to Afghanistan for training in 1993 and in 1998, he studied Taliban system of government • He was first arrested in 2003 in Bintan (Indonesia) to assist the police in their investigations of the bombings in Indonesia in recent years (most notably the 2002 Bali Bombings)

35. MasSelamat : Background Information

36. Case Study: Mas Selamat • MasSelamat was part of the terrorists group JI and was involved in discussing various terror plots including hijacking a plane from Bangkok and crashing it into the Singapore Changi Airport • Malaysian Police Inspector-General Musa Hassan said the arrest in 2009 was only made possible as both ASEAN members had been sharing intelligence reports since his escape • In 2006, MasSelamat was able to be extradited to Singapore due to the signing of the Extradition Treaty signed by both Indonesia and Singapore in 2005

37. Effective? • ASEAN has loose organizational structures • agreements are non-binding • tradition of non-intervention in internal affairs of nations

38. Improvements • 2007 – Convention on Counter Terrorism  pave a more legally binding approach to counterterrorism cooperation • reinforcing Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty  framework for regional cooperation to counter, prevent and suppress terrorism • signing of ASEAN Charter  establish ASEAN as legal entity, EU-style • EU-ASEAN enhanced partnership – called for increased linkages between law enforcement agencies  share best practices combat TC and Terrorism

39. http://www.aseansec.org/14396.htm • http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/427691/1/.html • http://www.aseansec.org/14037.htm • http://www.aseansec.org/5616.htm • http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/6939592.html