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Review on Networking Technologies

Review on Networking Technologies. Linda Wu (CMPT 471 • 2003-3). Content. Network & network categories Protocol TCP/IP internet protocol suite Ethernet technology References: chapter 1 & 2. Network & Network Categories.

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Review on Networking Technologies

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  1. Review on Networking Technologies Linda Wu (CMPT 471 • 2003-3)

  2. Content • Network & network categories • Protocol • TCP/IP internet protocol suite • Ethernet technology References: chapter 1 & 2 CMPT 471  2003-3

  3. Network & Network Categories • A network is a group of connected, communicating devices such as computers, routers and printers • An internet is two or more networks that communicate with each other • Most notable internet: Internet CMPT 471  2003-3

  4. Network & Network Categories (cont.) • Network categories • Connection-oriented (circuit-switched) • Dedicated connection between 2 points • Guaranteed network capacity • Circuit costs are independent of use e.g. telephone system • Connectionless (packet-switched) • Data are divided into small pieces (packet) • Concurrent communication • Packet is sent only when the network is idle: delay, bandwidth cannot be guaranteed CMPT 471  2003-3

  5. Network & Network Categories (cont.) • Packet-Switched Technology • WAN (wide area network) • Long distance, low speed connection • A series of packet switches, connected by long-distance communication lines • User computer attached to packet switches • Network is expanded by adding packet switch & communication line • LAN (local area network) • High speed connection, short distance • Computer connects to the network by Network Interface card (NIC) CMPT 471  2003-3

  6. Protocol • Protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication • Syntax: the structure or format of data • Semantics: the meaning of each section of bits • Timing: when should data be sent and how fast can it be sent • A protocol specifies: • The details of message formats • How a source sends a message • How a destination responses when message arrives • How a computer handles errors or other abnormal conditions CMPT 471  2003-3

  7. TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite • Resulted from research funded by US ARPA • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol • IP: Internet Protocol • 5 layers • Application layer: user applications • Transport layer: end-to-end delivery of data (TCP, UDP) • Network layer: data transmission across multiple networks (IP) • Data link layer: organize bits into frames • Physical layer: transmit bits over a medium CMPT 471  2003-3

  8. TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (cont.) • ISO/OSI model • OSI: Open System Interconnect • Introduced by ISO (International Standards organizations) in late 1970s CMPT 471  2003-3

  9. TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (cont.) • TCP/IP addressing • Physical address • defined by WAN or LAN • Ethernet uses 48-bit physical address • Internet (IP) address: 32-bit (IPv4) • Different address formats in different networks • Port address: 16-bit • End objective of internet communication is a process communicating with another process • Port address: the label assigned to a process CMPT 471  2003-3

  10. Application layer Processes Transport layer Port address TCP UDP Network layer IP address IP & other protocols Data link layer Underlying physical networks Physical address Physical layer TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (cont.) • Relationship of layers & addresses CMPT 471  2003-3

  11. TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (cont.) • Features • Network technology independence • Independent of any vendor’s hardware • Universal interconnection • Every computer is assigned a universally unique address • End-to-end acknowledgement • Provide acknowledgement between original source and final destination • Application protocol standards • Include standards for many applications, e.g., email, file transfer, remote login CMPT 471  2003-3

  12. TCP/IP Internet Services • Application-level services • World Wide Web • Email • File transfer • Remote login • Network-level services • Connectionless packet delivery • Reliable stream transport CMPT 471  2003-3

  13. Underlying Physical Technologies • LAN • Ethernet LAN: most widely used • Token Ring LAN • Wireless LAN • Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI) LAN • WAN • ARPANET • NSFNET • ANSNET • ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) CMPT 471  2003-3

  14. Ethernet Evolution • 10Base5 (Thick Ethernet) • 10 Mbps, cable < 500m • 10Base2 (Thin-wire Ethernet) • 10 Mbps, cable < 200m • 10Base-T (Twisted pair Ethernet) • 10 Mbps, connection between a hub and a computer < 100m • 100Base-T (Fast Ethernet) • 100 Mbps • Gigabit Ethernet • 1 Gbps CMPT 471  2003-3

  15. transceiver Ethernet cable AUI cable Host interface Thick Ethernet • Coaxial cable: ½ inch diameter • Host interface card: plug into computer bus • Transceiver: translate analog electrical signals to / from digital form • AUI (attachment unit interface) cable: control transceiver operation CMPT 471  2003-3

  16. Thinnet cable Thin-Wire Ethernet • Coaxial cable: thinner, less expensive, more flexible (thinnet cable) • Replace costly transceiver with high speed digital circuit • Direct connection from computer to network • Computer contains both host interface and circuit that connects to the cable CMPT 471  2003-3

  17. Twisted Pair Ethernet • Reduce cost by replacing coaxial cable with unshielded copper wire • Connect computer to hub using four pairs of wires CMPT 471  2003-3

  18. Ethernet Properties • Shared bus • All stations connect to a single, shared communication channel • Support broadcast • All stations receive every transmission • Best-effort delivery • No error checking or tracking • Distributed access control • No central authority to grant access CMPT 471  2003-3

  19. Ethernet Hardware Address • Ethernet address: a 48-bit number • Fixed on Ethernet interface hardware • Also called: hardware address, physical address, media access (MAC) address • Address assigning • Ethernet hardware manufactures purchase blocks of Ethernet addresses, and then, • Assign the addresses in sequence to the Ethernet interface hardware • No two hardware interfaces have the same Ethernet address: universally unique • Host interface filters incoming packets based on their destination addresses CMPT 471  2003-3

  20. Ethernet Frame Format • Ethernet Frame: packet that is transmitted on Ethernet • Format Preamble: for synchronization CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check, for error detection CMPT 471  2003-3

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