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HeritabilityReferencingResearch methodsTMA 02 (a brief look) . The plan for today. In groups, discuss: Why are twin studies used to examine genetic influence?What are the two types of twin used?In what way do they differ?How is correlation used?What does it show when there is a significant d
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1. Tutorial 2Dr Andy Mayersamayers@bournemouth.ac.uk
2. Heritability
Referencing
Research methods
TMA 02 (a brief look) The plan for today
3. In groups, discuss:
Why are twin studies used to examine genetic influence?
What are the two types of twin used?
In what way do they differ?
How is correlation used?
What does it show when there is a significant difference between these twin groups?
What else do we need to examine when using twin studies?
Heritability
4. More heritable a behaviour is found to be
More likely it is genetically rooted
Twins used to examine extent of genetic influence
And explore causes of childhood disorders such as autism
Monozygotic twins (MT) ? identical ? share same 100% genetic make-up
Dizygotic twins (DT) ? fraternal ? only as similar as any sibling ? 50% of gene similarity
If concordance found between MT and (say) autism
And it is significantly higher than found with DT
This suggests genetic influence Heritability
5. Might not be whole picture
MT twins often treated same - dressed same, similar names
To reduce environmental effect some researchers use adoptive-twin studies
Twins studied who were separated at birth
If still higher concordance for MT than DT ?
Strong case for genetic influence
BUT
some adoption agencies try place children in similar environment! Heritability
6. ED209 differs from almost all other courses in respect of referencing
Particularly when citing secondary sources
Normally, you would cite the original author and source in text
e.g. Whiting & Whiting, 1975 (as cited in Woodhead, 2005)
The full source details for Woodhead is then shown in the reference list
BUT ED209 IS DIFFERENT!
Referencing
7. The difference occurs when you cite secondary sources
So Whitings work from Chapter 1, cited as follows:
In the text: Whiting and Whiting (1975) observed
In references: Whiting B.B. & Whiting J.W.M. (1975), as cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 36
AND provide ONE full reference for Woodhead chapter
Woodhead, M. (2005) Children and development, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood. Oxford. Open University.
You may have several citations from that chapter
Referencing
8. In the end your reference list may look like this:
Bandura, A. (1965), cited in Oates, Sheehy & Wood (2005), p. 60
Oates, J., Sheehy, K, & Wood, C. (2005) Theories of development, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Open University.
Shaffer, D.R. (1993), cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 23
Vygotsky, L. S. (1981), cited in Oates, Sheehy & Wood (2005), p. 72
Whiting B.B. & Whiting J.W.M. (1975), cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 36
Woodhead, M. (2005) Children and development, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Blackwell/The Open University. Referencing
9. TMA02 focuses on your understanding of Research Methods
In your groups, discuss:
Why are true experiments problematic in human research?
How do natural and quasi-experiments overcome that?
Define validity and reliability?
How should we address ethical issues in research with children?
What are confounding variables? Research methods
10. TMA02 is a little different other assignments
Focuses on a research example
From which you must answer 9 questions
Research design
Ecological validity
Variables: IV vs. DV
Missing variables
Ethics and consent
Reliability
Data protection
Data analysis TMA02