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The Archaic Period 8000 BC – 2500 AD

The Archaic Period 8000 BC – 2500 AD. ANTH 221: Peoples and Cultures of Mexico Kimberly Martin, Ph.D. The Archaic Period. Domestication of maize (corn) Beginnings of pottery Beginnings of sedentism Atlatls replace spears Stone awls and drills Stone axes, Bone fish hooks.

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The Archaic Period 8000 BC – 2500 AD

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  1. The Archaic Period8000 BC – 2500 AD ANTH 221: Peoples and Cultures of Mexico Kimberly Martin, Ph.D.

  2. The Archaic Period • Domestication of maize (corn) • Beginnings of pottery • Beginnings of sedentism • Atlatls replace spears • Stone awls and drills • Stone axes, • Bone fish hooks

  3. Signs of Domestication Plants • Larger food portion • Less efficient seed dispersal Animals • Population demography (male/female ratio) • Morphological changes • Animal burials • Diet ( isotopes present in bone, wear on teeth)

  4. Domesticated Maize • Wild Ancestor: Teosinte • Zeamays (ssp. Parviglumis) • The earliest archaeological sites where domesticated maize has been found: • Coxcotlan Cave, Tehuacan Valley, Pueblo • GuilaNaquitz, Oaxaca • Xihuatoxtia Cave, Guerrero

  5. GuilaNaquitz Cave, Oaxaca 8000-6500BCE Domesticated Squash seed found at GuilaNaquitz Cave in addition to evidence of domesticated teotsinte, pinyon, cactus fruit, gourds

  6. Xihuatoxtla Shelter, Guerrero Occupied for over 7000 years from about 9000BCE.

  7. Coxcatlan Cave, Tehuacan • 7000-5400 BP • Semi-nomadic groups who divided their time between small hunting encampments and larger temporary villages. • Villages were used as bases for collecting wild plants such as various grasses and maguey and cactus fruits. • Maize (Zeamays), avocados, chili peppers, amaranth, zapothes, tepary beans and squash were domesticated. • The diet consisted of 52% wild produce, 34% meat, and 14% agricultural products. • There is evidence of horticulture on steep slopes of the valley. • Coxcatlancave has 28 occupational layers or zones.

  8. Other Domesticates • Dogs may have been domesticated by early migrants in Asia • Squash(8000 BCE) • Beans (Phaseolusvulgaris) 5000 BCE • Turkeys (100 BCE)

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