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China. This chapter focuses on the changing definition of devianceKeep in mind that almost any type of behavior can be called deviantDefinitions of deviance change across time and place. . . China. Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976During this period people were punished for having positions of authority, leaning towards foreigners, academic interests and working to earn a profitSuspected people were scientists, teachers, athletes, performers, artists, writers and private business people.
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1. DevianceChapter 7 By
Dr. John Brenner
2. China This chapter focuses on the changing definition of deviance
Keep in mind that almost any type of behavior can be called deviant
Definitions of deviance change across time and place
3. China Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976
During this period people were punished for having positions of authority, leaning towards foreigners, academic interests and working to earn a profit
Suspected people were scientists, teachers, athletes, performers, artists, writers and private business people
4. China During the Cultural Revolution profit was condemned now it is acceptable
220,000 foreign-investment enterprises in China—only 70,000 in 1993
Beijing has luxury hotels and China is seen as the potential for the world’s largest market
People are “jumping into the sea” (being capitalistic)
5. China China will be the site of the 2008 Summer Olympics
Since 1976 about 700,000 students from China have studied in foreign universities
Chinese factories provide about half of the world’s DVD players, 1/3 of the personal computers and 25% of cell phones, televisions and car stereos
6. Deviance Any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned
Conformity--behavior and appearances that follow and maintain standards of the group
Social control--methods used to teach, persuade, or force members to comply
7. Deviance Almost any behavior or appearance can qualify as deviant under the right circumstances
Wearing makeup is no longer deviant in China
Cocaine was once legal in the US
Consider who makes something deviant, some behaviors are deviant depending on personal characteristics
8. Chinese History and Context 1949--Mao Zedong declares the Peoples Republic of China
1959-Great Leap Forward
Attempt to catch up with the world
Overworked the peasants and was a failure in making more steel for China—building dams
Some Communist Party leaders were displeased with him—failed—30-50 million die
9. Chinese History and Context Cultural Revolution
Mao’s attempt to reassert his power in China
He wanted everyone to be equal and he condemned many simple acts
Unleashed the youth through the Red Guards who terrorized people
This caused a 10 year lag in Chinese development
10. Chinese History and Context Mao wanted to get rid of the four olds—ideas, culture, customs and habits
Red Guards degraded teachers and caused physical abuse to people
The Cultural Revolution reduced people in China to not even dare to think in case their thoughts came out involuntarily
11. Chinese History and Context The Cultural Revolution ended in 1976 after Mao’s death
The “Ten Lost Years” effected the entire society of China
To make up for the 10 lost years China sent students abroad and created Special Economic Zones which were capitalistic
Deng Xiaoping was the leader after Mao who sought to modernize China
12. Role of Context in Deviance During Cultural Revolution the society was out of control
A state of panic existed among the people that they were afraid to even think
Chinese people were humiliated because of being humiliated in front of others
Now over 700,000 Chinese are international students
China has a trade surplus with U.S. ($162 billion in 2004
13. Terms Folkways--customary ways of doing things
Mores--norms that define what is right or wrong--harder to break
US--individual property, personal freedom, and privacy
China--conformity, collectivism, and obedience to authority (need to have approval to get married, have a baby, or get housing from the Communist Party)
14. Preschoolers Note the Chinese bathroom scene for children
Chinese children are disciplined before they misbehave; American afterwards
They are highly structured and socially minded--must suppress individual feelings
We seem too carefree: they seem too structured
Americans are disturbed by the bathroom scene and Chinese do not understand our system
Ideally conformity should be voluntary
15. Mechanisms of Social Control Sanctions--reactions of approval or disapproval
Positive sanction--approval or reward
Negative sanction--disapproval
Informal sanction--spontaneous or unofficial
Formal sanctions--rules, policies or laws with punishments
16. Functionalist Perspective Durkheim stated that deviance is normal
Even in a society of saints there will be deviance
Crime is normal as long it is not excessive
Deviance is functional
1. ritual of defining and punishing someone binds the group
2. it makes people ready for change and the future
17. Labeling Theory Becker states that rules are socially constructed and they are not enforced consistently
People must decide what is deviant
Some people escape detection and some are treated as deviants when they are not
An act is deviant whether it is noticed by people
18. Labeling Theory Four categories of people
Conformists--people who do not break the rules
Most people in a society
Pure deviants--broken the rules and are labeled (assume a master status--identified as a deviant)
Which cars to stop by police/ teenagers?
Secret deviants--people who have broken the rules but are unnoticed
Of the 28.2 million crimes in 2001—62.4% of the victims did not report the crime
19. Falsely Accused Falsely accused-not broken the rules but are treated as if they are (Kai Erikson’s study)
When the well being of the country or group is threatened
The need to blame someone for the problem
Witch-hunt--looking for the cause of a problem
Cultural Revolution—capitalists/makeup/eye glasses
WWII-Japanese Americans were internment
Muslims in U.S. after 9/11/01
20. White Collar Crime Crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status
Corporate Crime--committed by a corporation as it competes with other companies for a share of the market
Offenders are a part of the system
USX steel company discharged waste illegally and has to pay for the clean up
Crimes are carried out by everyone in the corporation
21. Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram’s study of how people in authority get people to do things
Volunteers participated while one person was a confederate (worked with the researcher)
The learner was the confederate who was strapped to a chair
The teacher was told to shock the learner for incorrect answers
22. Obedience to Authority The learner who was shocked pleaded for mercy but the teacher would continue to shock them if the authority figure told them to do it
Obedience was simply followed because of a firm command of a person of status
23. Constructionist Approach Focuses on the process in which certain groups, activities, conditions, or artifacts are defined as problems
It is done by claims makers
Soldiers at Tiananmen Square were not allowed to watch TV or read newspapers about the students
AIDS seen as a moral problem keeps people from assisting them—sexually promiscuous people
AIDS seen as innocent victims like hemophiliacs
24. Constructionist Approach Claims Makers
In China at Tiananmen Square—government controlled information the troops received and replacement soldiers could not speak dialect of students
This theory focuses on who makes the claims, whose claims are heard and how audiences respond
25. Structural Strain Theory Merton’s theory that valued goods have unclear limits, people are unsure about getting them and legitimate opportunities remain closed to some people
It exists in the US because too few legitimate opportunities are available to achieve the desired goal
26. Structural Strain Theory People can respond to strain by
Conformity--accept goals and means
Innovation--accept goals but reject the legitimate means to attain it--criminal
Ritualism--reject goal but accept means--bureaucrat “Don’t aim high and you won’t be disappointed”
Retreatism--reject goals and means--hobos
27. Structural Strain Theory In China each couple can have only one child but there is a cultural preference for boys who will care for the parents when old
Obtain permission to have a baby, accept the sex of it, report the birth and practice birth control
Major source of strain is the limited opportunities to have children
28. Differential Association Sutherland and Cressey--deviance and deviant behavior is learned
Deviant subcultures--learn the deviance techniques here--”bad” education and associations make a criminal association
Chinese use “reeducation” and labor for the deviant as a formal sanction
29. Differential Association Williams says that in New York City some youth are recruited as drug suppliers
Little chance of getting high paying jobs
Perceive drug dealing as a way to make money
Chinese government needs students prepared for the global environment
Associate with people and ideas that may challenge Communism
Respond by making them study Marx and keeping tight campus security
30. Systems of Social Control Chinese rigid system of social control is due to the size of the population of the country (1.27 Billion people)
China’s habitable land is about half of that of the United States
Chinese must “make work” for all the people
United States—a nation of immigrants, abundant resources, people can live where they want and can manage their own lives
31. Systems of Social Control China has the longest continuing civilization with 3,700 years of history
A Confucian system of ethics with respect for tradition and order
System of family responsibility
An imperial tradition with rulers having supreme authority over the people
32. Systems of Social Control China has experience war and revolution in the 20th century
The U.S. has not a civil for 150 years
Chinese have a political philosophy of Communism and the U.S. has capitalism
These make for many differences in each society