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Understanding Job-Order and Process Costing Systems

Learn the similarities and differences between job-order and process costing systems, including cost flows, departments, and unit cost computations. Dive into T-Account and Journal Entry views of cost flows to understand the recording process.

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Understanding Job-Order and Process Costing Systems

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  1. Systems Design:Process Costing Chapter Four

  2. Both systems assign material, labor and overhead costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product cost. Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods. The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems. Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing

  3. Process costing is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time. Job-order costing is used when many different jobs are worked on each period. Process costing systems accumulate costs by department. Job-order costing systems accumulate costs by individual jobs. Process costing systems compute unit costs by department. Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job on the job cost sheet. Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing

  4. Quick Check  Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced to customer specifications. d. Purchased from vendors.

  5. Quick Check  Process costing is used for products that are: a. Different and produced continuously. b. Similar and produced continuously. c. Individual units produced to customer specifications. d. Purchased from vendors.

  6. Processing Departments Any unit in an organization where materials, labor or overhead are added to the product. The activities performed in a processingdepartment are performed uniformlyon allunits of production. Furthermore, the output ofa processing department must behomogeneous.

  7. Learning Objective 1 Record the flow of materials, labor, and overhead through a process cost system.

  8. Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing Direct Materials FinishedGoods Work inProcess Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Cost of GoodsSold

  9. Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing Costs are traced andapplied to individualjobs in a job-ordercost system. Direct Materials FinishedGoods Jobs Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Cost of GoodsSold

  10. Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing Costs are traced and applied to departments in a process cost system. Direct Materials FinishedGoods Processing Department Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Cost of GoodsSold

  11. T-Account and Journal Entry Views of Cost Flows For purposes of this example, assume there are two processing departments – Departments A and B. We will use T-accounts and journal entries.

  12. Direct Materials • DirectMaterials • Direct Materials Process Cost Flows(in T-account form) Work in Process Department A Raw Materials Work in Process Department B

  13. Process Cost Flows(in journal entry form)

  14. Direct Labor • Direct Labor • Direct Labor Process Cost Flows(in T-account form) Work in Process Department A Wages Payable • Direct Materials Work in Process Department B • Direct Materials

  15. Process Costing(in journal entry form)

  16. Process Cost Flows(in T-account form) Work in Process Department A • Direct Materials Manufacturing Overhead • Direct Labor • Actual Overhead • OverheadApplied to Work inProcess • AppliedOverhead Work in Process Department B • Direct Materials • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead

  17. Process Costing(In journal entry form)

  18. Transferred to Dept. B • Transferred from Dept. A Process Cost Flows(in T-account form) Work in Process Department B Work in ProcessDepartment A • Direct Materials • Direct Materials • Direct Labor • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead • AppliedOverhead

  19. Process Costing(in journal entry form)

  20. Cost of GoodsManufactured Process Cost Flows(in T-account form) Work in Process Department B Finished Goods • Direct Materials • Cost of Goods Manufactured • Direct Labor • Applied Overhead • Transferred from Dept. A

  21. Process Costing(in journal entry form)

  22. Process Cost Flows(in journal entry form) Work in Process Department B Finished Goods • Direct Materials • Cost of Goods Manufactured • Cost of GoodsManufactured • Cost of GoodsSold • Direct Labor • AppliedOverhead • Transferred from Dept. A Cost of Goods Sold • Cost of GoodsSold

  23. Process Costing(in journal entry form)

  24. Equivalent Units of Production Equivalent units are the product of the number of partially completed units and the percentage completion of those units. We need to calculate equivalent units because a department usually has some partially completed units in its beginning and ending inventory.

  25. + = 1 Equivalent Units – The Basic Idea Two half completed products are equivalent toone completed product. So, 10,000 units 70% completeare equivalent to7,000 complete units.

  26. Quick Check  For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000

  27. Quick Check  For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period? a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000 10,000 units + (5,000 units × 0.30) = 11,500 equivalent units

  28. Calculating Equivalent Units Equivalent units can be calculated two ways: The First-In, First-Out Method – FIFO is covered in the appendix to this chapter. The Weighted-Average Method – This method will be covered in the main portion of the chapter.

  29. Learning Objective 2 Compute the equivalent units of production using the weighted-average method.

  30. Equivalent Units of ProductionWeighted-Average Method • The weighted-average method . . . • Makes no distinction between work done in prior or current periods. • Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods. • Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending work in process inventory.

  31. Treatment of Direct Labor DirectMaterials Direct labor costsmay be smallin comparison toother product costs in processcost systems. Conversion Dollar Amount DirectLabor Type of Product Cost

  32. Treatment of Direct Labor DirectMaterials Direct labor costsmay be smallin comparison toother product costs in processcost systems. Conversion Dollar Amount Type of Product Cost Direct labor and manufacturing overhead may becombined into one product cost called conversion.

  33. Weighted-Average Example Double Diamond Skis reported the following activity in Shaping and Milling Department for the month of May:

  34. Weighted-Average Example The first step in calculating the equivalent units is to identify the units completed and transferred out of the Department in May (4,800 units)

  35. Weighted-Average Example The second step is to identify the equivalent units of production in ending work in process with respect to materials for the month (160 units) and add this to the 4,800 units from step one.

  36. Weighted-Average Example The third step is to identify the equivalent unitsof production in ending work in processwith respect to conversion for the month (100 units) and add this to the 4,800 units from step one.

  37. Weighted-Average Example Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process

  38. Learning Objective 3 Compute the cost per equivalent unit using the weighted-average method.

  39. Compute and Apply Costs Beginning work in process: 200 units Materials: 55% complete $ 9,600 Conversion: 30% complete 5,575 Production started during May 5,000 units Production completed during May 4,800 units Costs added to production in May Materials cost $ 368,600 Conversion cost 350,900 Ending work in process 400 units Materials: 40% complete Conversion: 25% complete

  40. Cost of beginningwork in processinventory Cost perequivalent unit + Cost added during the period = /Equivalent units of production Compute and Apply Costs The formula for computing the cost per equivalent unit is :

  41. Compute and Apply Costs Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.

  42. $378,200 ÷ 4,960 units = $76.25 $356,475 ÷ 4,900 units = $72.75 Compute and Apply Costs Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.

  43. Learning Objective 4 Assign costs to units using the weighted-average method.

  44. Applying Costs

  45. Applying Costs

  46. Applying Costs

  47. Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

  48. Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

  49. Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out

  50. Reconciling Costs

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