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Explore Freudian psychoanalysis, uncover repressed conflicts, and learn the therapist's role in bringing thoughts to consciousness. Discover techniques like free association, dream analysis, and transference analysis used to delve into the unconscious. Behavioral Therapy principles and methods are also discussed, including counter-conditioning, systematic desensitization, and aversion therapy.
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Psychodynamic Therapy • Used for unfocused anxiety/depression • Psychoanalysis- pioneered by Freud intensive technique for exploring the unconscious - Freud believed that anxiety disorders are inabilities to resolve inner conflicts (they become repressed) in the unconscious between the id and the superego
Psychodynamic Therapy • GOAL of Psychoanalysis: - make unconscious conflict conscious - repressed material can then be dealt with - ego can be strengthened & defense mechanisms do not need to be used
Job of the Therapist • Main job: help a patient bring repressed thoughts into consciousness & gain insight into the relationship between current symptoms & the repressed conflict
Job of the Therapist • Therapy succeeds when patients are released from the repression established in early childhood - often through catharsis (AKA insight therapy) – expressing strong felt, but usually repressed emotions; a healing emotional release
Job of the Therapist • It is an attempt to reconstruct long-standing repressed memories & work through painful feelings to an effective resolution • This takes years, requires introspective patients who are highly motivated, verbally fluent & have $ to continue the therapy
Techniques Used • Free Association- say whatever comes to mind regardless of painful or irrelevant thoughts - therapist will note patterns that lie beneath the words (the surface) 2. Catharsis- see notes
Free Association • Start with a recent experience, memory, or dream and write every image or idea that enters your awareness • Don’t self-edit OR refrain from logic
Techniques Used 3. Dream Analysis- examines content of a person’s dreams to discover motivations, life experiences, desires - 2 kinds of content: a) manifest- people remember upon awakening b) latent- hidden, deeper content
Techniques Used 4. Analysis of Transference- transferring of feelings about a person in the past to the therapist due to unfinished business - positive- feeling of love/admiration - negative- feeling of anger/hostility - therapist provides a stage for re- enacting unresolved conflicts
Techniques Used 5. Analysis of Countertransference- - therapist begins to view client as someone in therapists life & projects feeling toward the client - can provide useful material to look at with client, but must be careful - become mirrors for one another
Techniques Used 6. Analysis of Resistance - individuals put up barriers to free association - resisting to “work” with the therapist - therapist’s job is to break down areas the client does not want to discuss
Techniques Used • Projective Techniques- help access unconscious, esp. in children - Rorschach, TAT, incomplete sentences, draw a picture
Behavioral Therapy • Abnormal behaviors are acquired through a learning process that follows basic principles of conditioning & learning • Therapy includes applying principles of conditioning & reinforcement to increase frequency of desired behaviors or decrease frequency of problem behaviors
Behavioral Therapy • Problems that generally use behavior modification/therapy: - fears/phobias, compulsions, depression, addictions, aggression, & delinquent behavior
Behavioral Therapy • When people can’t cope effectively, their maladaptive reactions can be overcome by therapy based on learning or relearning
Behavioral Therapy • 3 Types of Behavioral Therapy: • Counter-Conditioning- - a new response is conditioned to replace or “counter” a maladaptive response ex. Child afraid of the dark have child listen to their favorite song while sitting in the dark
Behavioral Therapy - Techniques Used: a) systematic desensitization- client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by confronting the feared stimulus & using relaxation techniques; used for social phobias (The King’s Speech);
Behavioral Therapy b) implosion- opposite; exposes a client to anxiety, provoking the stimuli (most frightening is the imagination) but in a safe setting; person cannot run away; “tough love” c) flooding- client is placed in or exposed to the phobic situation; used for agoraphobia
Behavioral Therapy *all 3 have in common exposure through imagery, contact, or virtual reality; all are exposed to object feared
Behavioral Therapy d) aversion therapy- used for patients attracted to harmful stimuli (drug addictions, violent behavior); an attractive stimuli is paired with shock or drugs (noxious stimuli) to get the patient to pair the noxious stimuli with the harmful behavior
Behavioral Therapy 2. Contingency Management- Skinner; changing behavior by modifying consequences (operant cond.) - Techniques Used: a) token economy- positive reinforcement; desired behaviors are defined & token payoffs are given when behavior is performed (gold stars); can later be exchanged for rewards, etc.
Behavioral Therapy 3. Social Learning Theory- clients observe models’ desirable behaviors being reinforced b/c people learn via observation - used to overcome phobias & to build social skills - based on Bandura’s research
Behavioral Therapy - Techniques Used: a) Participant Modeling- therapist demonstrates desired behavior & client is helped to imitate behavior with support & encouragement b) Behavioral Rehearsal- visual; how one should behave in a situation helps strengthen social skills
Behavioral Therapy Most common problem: lack of assertiveness often in children (have deficits in social skills that may lead to problems later) pre-schools, elem. schools look to build skills in withdrawn, isolated children
Cognitive Therapy • Attempts to change the feelings & behaviors by changing the way a client thinks about or perceives significant life events
Cognitive Therapy • Abnormal behavior patterns start with problems in what people think & how they think (cognitive process) • Therapy will focus on changing how people think
Cognitive Therapy • 2 Types of Cognitive Therapy: 1. Cognitive Behavior Modification- • Combines thoughts w/ focus on reinforcement contingencies in modifying performance • Unacceptable behavior patterns are changed/modified by cognitive restructuring
Cognitive Therapy • Change the person’s negative self statement into constructive coping statements • Ex. I am boring, no one will invite me to another party. Change this thought to next time I’ll tell a joke, be proactive, or more responsive to other’s stories
Cognitive Therapy • Step 1: figure out together the kind of thinking that is leading to dysfunctional behavior • Step 2: develop new self-statements that minimize negative thoughts that elicit anxiety or lower self-esteem
Cognitive Therapy • Step 3: set goals • Step 4: develop strategies for meeting them develop self-efficacy • Step 5: evaluate feedback
Cognitive Therapy - Changing False Beliefs- cognitive therapy for depression (Aaron Beck) - depression arises when people are unaware of their negative automatic thoughts & faulty thinking
Cognitive Therapy - often emotional stress is caused by cognitive misunderstanding and failure to distinguish between reality & one’s expectations MUST challenge patient’s basic assumptions
Cognitive Therapy 2. Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)- based on the transformation/changing of irrational beliefs that cause severe emotional reactions (ex. Anxiety) - Ellis
Cognitive Therapy - teach the client to recognize the “shoulds, oughts, haves, & musts” that control their actions & prevent them from choosing the life they want
Cognitive Therapy - through rational confrontation, client can dispute & examine alternative reasons for their thoughts/actions - this is followed up by replacing dogmatic thinking w/ rational, situationally appropriate ideas
Cognitive Therapy - it aims to increase individual’s self-worth by getting rid of faulty beliefs that block personal growth
Group Therapy • Can sometimes be more effective • Less Expensive- small # of mental health personnel can help more people • Power of Groups- less threatening, provides opportunities to practice interpersonal skills and observe others
Group Therapy • Allows for corrective emotional experiences to take place in a “family-like” atmosphere • Helps people realize they are not alone • Provides social support outside of therapy
Group Therapy • Different Types: • Marital & Family- each member is treated as a member of a system of relationships - therapist helps to understand what the problems are in the family
Group Therapy - seeks to help communication, understand communication styles & how to express themselves - therapist acts as interpreter, clarifier, mediator, & referee when helping to resolve dysfunctional elements
Group Therapy 2. Community Support Groups - 10+ million Americans participate in self-help groups - pioneered by women’s groups & AA - 4 Main Groups:
Group Therapy a) Addictive behavior b) Physical/mental disorder c) Life transition or other crises d) Traumas experienced by friends or relatives w/ serious problems
Group Therapy • Many groups popping up on the Internet providing social support, hope & control for problems; people dispense info about disorders & treatments