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THERAPY. PSYCHOLOGY Ms. Currey Ms. LaBaw. Things you’ll know…. What are the 4 major approaches to psychological therapy? Briefly describe each. What are the three major drug groups, and what disorders are each primarily used for? Explain ECT and what disorder it is used for.
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THERAPY PSYCHOLOGY Ms. Currey Ms. LaBaw
Things you’ll know… • What are the 4 major approaches to psychological therapy? Briefly describe each. • What are the three major drug groups, and what disorders are each primarily used for? • Explain ECT and what disorder it is used for. • What is one psychosurgery that is now rarely used? • What is better, psychotherapy, drug therapy, or both? Why?
PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY • 4 MAJOR APPROACHES: • 1. Psychoanalytic • 2. Humanistic • 3. Behavioral • 4. Cognitive • *Eclectic Approach uses techniques from different combinations of the four approaches.
Psychoanalytic Approach • Dig up the past to clarify the present • Inspired by Freud • Free association- say whatever comes to mind when thinking about a childhood event. • Hesitation • Leave something out • Analyst’s job is to offer interpretation and insight • Usually used dream analysis
Problems • Debate whether or not we repress important memories • Very expensive, so only the wealthy can afford treatment • Refuting gets you nowhere with the analyst.
Psychoanalytic Approach cont. • Psychodynamic • Try to foster insight to original problem from childhood, but focus on ‘the now’ • Fewer meeting times • Interpersonal • Life now and what’s going on now • Proved effective against depression
Humanistic Aim is to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance Foster growth instead of relieving an illness (clients not patients) Focus on the present & future Emphasize conscious instead of unconscious Thought that potential for self-fulfillment already exists
Humanistic cont. • Client-Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers • Uses non-directive methods • Active listening: Echo, Restate, Clarify • Supportive and empathetic environment
Behavioral Approach • To replace fearful thoughts and related behaviors with constructive thoughts and actions • Classical Conditioning • 2 Types • Systematic Desensitization • Aversive Conditioning • Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning • Counterconditioning- associate new responses to situations 1.) Systematic Desensitization • Associate pleasant/relaxed state with gradually increasing stimuli that causes anxiety • Uses progressive relaxation and modeling **Technique commonly used for phobias.
Classical Conditioning cont. 2.) Aversive Conditioning • Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior • Positive reaction now becomes a negative one • Often combined with another form of treatment =
Operant Conditioning • Withhold rewards or punish for unwanted behaviors • Reward desired behaviors • Reinforce the small steps • Good for autism • 2 Problems: • If reward isn’t there??? • Ethical???
Cognitive Approach • Our thinking affects how we feel • Best used for depression • Negative thoughts fuel these feelings • Teach clients to think constructively rather than destructively • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) • Change self-defeating thoughts and inappropriate behaviors • Good for OCD
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES • Before 1950’s, not much was available for treating severe disorders • Usually hospitalized • Mechanical devices were used • Drug Therapy • Helped patients “breakthrough” to a more stable hold on reality • Deinstitutionalization
Drug Therapy • 3 Major Types 1. ) Antipsychotics • Used mainly for Schizophrenia • Reduced level of delusions and hallucinations • Help focus attention on significant aspects of environment • Block Dopamine • Thorazine and Clozaril • SE= Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, tardive dyskinesia, damage to white blood cells **Not “feel-good” drugs**
Drug Therapy cont. 2.) Antianxiety Drugs • Treat anxiety and panic disorder • Works by boosting GABA • Sedative and euphoric effect • Temporary relief—don’t solve the problem • Used best in combo with psychotherapy • Valium, Librium, Xanax • Shouldn’t be taken with other CNS depressants
Drug Therapy cont. 3.) Antidepressants • Treats major depression • Classified by how they work (neurotransmitters) • Most common are SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) • Boost serotonin in the brain • Taken by approx. 38 million people around the world • Must be taken for about 1 month before effects are felt (therapeutic lag) • Bipolar Disorder responds well to lithium compounds – lack of understanding how it works, but it does.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Began in Europe in early 1900’s. • Insulin levels led to convulsions; decreased symptoms • Late 1930’s started using electricity • Effective in treating depression, but scary to watch • Modern day, muscle relaxants and sedatives are given • Used when drug therapy doesn’t work (major depression) • Sometimes used on suicidal patients • SE= memory loss
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) cont. • No explanation as to the reasons it works • Controversial treatment • New Techniques: • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) • Implants • Less traumatic
Psychosurgery • Lobotomy • Now very rare • Used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients • Cuts nerves that connects the frontal lobe to deeper emotional centers
SOOOOO…..What’s the best? • Combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy.
Exit Slip • What are the 4 major approaches to psychological therapy? Briefly describe each. • What are the three major drug groups, and what disorders are each primarily used for? • Explain ECT and what disorder it is used for. • What is one psychosurgery that is now rarely used? • What is better, psychotherapy, drug therapy, or both? Why?