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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt. Land and History. Overview. Geography Old Kingdom 1st Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom 2nd Intermediate Period New Kingdom 3rd Intermediate Period Graeco-Roman Period. Geography. The Nile Valley Unchanged until Aswan Dam built in 1960’s Annual floods

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt Land and History GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  2. Overview • Geography • Old Kingdom • 1st Intermediate Period • Middle Kingdom • 2nd Intermediate Period • New Kingdom • 3rd Intermediate Period • Graeco-Roman Period GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  3. Geography • The Nile Valley • Unchanged until Aswan Dam built in 1960’s • Annual floods • Alluvial soils good for farming • Requires little irrigation GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  4. Village Life to 3000 BC 4500 BC • Archaic culture • Nile delta • Hunting and fishing • Agriculture • Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, geese • Emmer wheat, two-rowed barley • 4221 BC • Base year of Egyptian calendar GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  5. The Predynastic Period • Origins in earlier Sumerian empire • Upper and Lower Nile cultures • Larger towns and cities • Craft specialization • Divine kingship • Development of religious system • temples, priest class, writing • New cultigens • flax, cotton • grapes, wine for export 3200 BC Making beer Harvesting and Treading grapes GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  6. Early Dynastic Period 3150 - 2890 BC • Mystery of Unification • Ancient Egyptians: People of Two Lands (Upper & Lower Egypt) • King Scorpion, Narmer • Kings of southern Egypt • Shown wearing combined Red (Lower) and White (Upper) Crown • 1st Dynasty • First Pharaoh: Menes • founded city of Thebes, capital city: Memphis • National administration, royal governors The Narmer Palette GNED002 - Ancient Empires 64 cm schist

  7. The Old Kingdom2nd to 4th Dynasty 2686 - 2613 BC • 3rd Dynasty • Djoser • Step Pyramid • Imhotep: architect & doctor • 4th Dynasty • builders of Pyramids • Khufu (Great Pyramid) • Chephren • Menkaure • locations: Giza, Dashur • first embalming 2613 - 2494 BC Djoser’s Pyramid The Great Sphinx at Giza GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  8. First Intermediate Period 2494 - 2150 BC • Weakened Old Kingdom • major famines • weak leadership • Intermediate Period • nomes (provinces) self-governing • many kings 7th - 11th Dynasties • Mentuhotep II • Re-establishes order Pepi I 6th Dynasty 2150 - 2040 BC Mentuhotep GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  9. The Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1991 BC • 11th Dynasty • Mentuhotep II • Established capital at Thebes • Expansion south along Nile • 12th Dynasty • Amenemhet I • Mentuhotep’s vizier • Senusret I • Conquest of Nubia • Fortresses, mining • first rock-cut tombs • Amenemhet III • Land reclamation • Labyrinth pyramid at Hawara Shrine of Senusret I 1991- 1786 BC Pyramid of Hawara GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  10. Second Intermediate Period Hyksos chariot 1786 - 1650 BC • 13th & 14th Dynasties • Military decline • Hyksos Dynasties (15 & 16) • “rulers of foreign lands”, from Canaan • settled in eastern Delta • introduced chariots, horses, bows, armour • adopted Egyptian language, customs • 17th Dynasty • Fierce families from Luxor • Challenged Hyksos kings 1650 -1567 BC GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  11. The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 1 • Dynasty of empire building • Conquest & lavish temples, tombs • Ahmose I • Drove Hyksos out of Egypt • Tight central control • Thutmose I • Extended empire to 3rd cataract • Led army to Euphrates River • Queen Hatshepsut • Commercial expansion e.g. Punt • temple at Deir El-Bahari 1567 - 1546 BC 1525 -1512 BC Obelisk of Thutmose I 1504 - 1482 BC Queen Hatshepsut GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  12. Amenhotep III The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 2 1504 - 1450 BC • Thutmose III • Conquest of Palestine and Syria • Effective army and navy, administration • Tribute built temples at Karnak, Abydos • Amenhotep III • Extensive architecture e.g. Luxor, Thebes • Peace and prosperity, height of empire • Amarna Letters: clay records of diplomacy • Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) • Banned all cults except sun god Aten • Queen Nefertiti: famous beauty • Removed wealth of Amen temples • New styles in art and literature 1402-1364 BC 1350-1334 BC Nefertiti and Akhenaten GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  13. The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 3 1361 - 1352 BC • Tutankhamen • Child Pharaoh • Priest advisers restored old cults • Intact tomb found in 1922, Howard Carter • Horemheb • Tutankhamen’s general of army • Restored order, central administration • Moved army against invaders Tutankhamen Horemheb’s Tomb GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  14. The New Kingdom:19th & 20th Dynasty 1318 - 1155 BC • restoration of military power • Seti I • Reconquest of Palestine • Ramses II • Military campaigns: Battle of Kadesh • Extensive building program • Temple of Amen at Karnak • Temple of Rameses at Abu Simbel • Queen Nefertari • End: weak leadership, powerful Theban priests ruled Upper Egypt Ramses II at Abu Simbel Queen Nefertari GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  15. Third Intermediate Period:Libya 1085 - 945 BC • period of peace and stability, divided kingdom • 21st Dynasty • Egypt split, two capitals • Tanis in North (Nile Delta) • Thebes in South • 22nd Dynasty • Libyan military • reconquered Palestine & Syria • ended in competing dynasties 945 - 730 BC GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  16. Third Intermediate Period:Nubia Shabaka • 25th Dynasty • Nubia conquered Egypt • kept Egyptian traditions • Invasion by Assyria • Thebes sacked • 26th Dynasty • Libyan power assured peace • Suez canal built, Syrian campaigns • Peace, prosperity • Strong Greek influences 716 - 656 BC 664 - 525 BC Kush (Nubia) GNED002 - Ancient Empires Suez Canal

  17. Third Intermediate Period:Persia Persian Empire 525 - 404 BC • 27th Dynasty • Egypt as Persian satrapy, breadbasket • Peace, prosperity • 28th - 30th Dynasty • Return of Egyptian rule under Artaxerxes II • 31st Dynasty • Persian Artaxerxes III reconquers • dark period: temples sacked, heavy tribute demanded 404 - 343 BC 343 - 332 BC Persian coin Darius I GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  18. The Graeco-RomanPeriod Alexander the Great 332 - 323 BC • Alexander the Great • Founded Alexandria • Installed Ptolemies as rulers • Ptolemy I • Alexander’s general as satrap • Later became independent • Introduction of coins • Eliminated barter system • Fusion of Egyptian & Greek elements Ptolemy I coin 323 - 284 BC Temple of Isis at Phylae GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  19. Ptolemies Ptolemy II 284 - 246 BC • Ptolemy II • Called Philadelphus • Unified administration, did census • Alexandria library, literature & science • Ptolemy III • Consolidated empire • Built Horus Temple at Edfu • Ptolemy V • Golden age of arts and science • Rosetta Stone written in Greek and Egyptian 246 - 221 BC Horus temple at Edfu 210 - 180 BC Rosetta Stone GNED002 - Ancient Empires

  20. End of Egyptian Rule Julius Caesar 180 - 51 BC • Ptolemy VI - XII • Increasing Roman influence • Cleopatra VII • Ruled with brother Ptolemy XIII • 3 years, then civil war • Julius Caesar defeated brother • Caesar murdered 44 BC • Romance with Mark Antony • Antony defeated by Octavian (Augustus Caesar) at Actium • Death of Cleopatra • Egypt becomes Roman province • Supplies food to Roman Empire 51 - 30 BC Mark Antony Cleopatra VII GNED002 - Ancient Empires

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