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Reproduction II. -sexual reproduction in humans. Human Reproduction. Male reproductive system-sperm production Female reproductive system-egg production Menstrual Cycle Foetal Membranes and structures Birth and post-natal care Birth control methods Sexually Transmitted Infections.
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Reproduction II -sexual reproduction in humans
Human Reproduction • Male reproductive system-sperm production • Female reproductive system-egg production • Menstrual Cycle • Foetal Membranes and structures • Birth and post-natal care • Birth control methods • Sexually Transmitted Infections
Spermatogenesis Seminiferous tubules
Factors affecting the menstrual cycle Mental Stress -relationship breakup -loss of a loved one -school exams Physical stress -exercising for several hours every day - losing or gaining more than 10 lbs in a short period of time
Prenatal Care Take a vitamin supplement that has folic acid in it every day. Have regular medical check-ups. Talk to your health care provider about any medical problems and medicine use (both over-the-counter and prescription). Ask about avoiding any substances at work or at home that might be harmful to a developing baby. Eat a healthy, balanced meal plan. Get early prenatal care and go to every appointment! Avoid using hot tubs and saunas. Have x-rays done only if necessary
Stages of Pregnancy 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester
Stages of Birth Stage 1 – Dilation of the cervix Stage 2 – Expulsion of the fetus Stage 3 – Expulsion of the placenta
So what should a pregnant woman do? Pregnant women should NOT empty the cat litter box. Use gloves when working in sand or soil. Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables. Wash hands carefully after coming in contact with raw meat. Thoroughly cook pork, beef, and seafood.
Pregnant fathers Rub her feet.. Clean the bathroom. Show interest. Take her out to dinner. Take childbirth classes.. Fill the gas tank. Read a book. Let her nap! Feel the baby. Keep things running smoothly.
High risk pregnancies Age: Young girls preterm labor and anemia, babies who have anemia or who are underweight (small for gestational age). Women aged 35 and older are at increased risk of problems such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes , chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus (Down syndrome), and stillbirth Weight: Women who weigh less than 100 pounds before becoming pregnant are more likely to have small, underweight babies. Obese women are more likely to have very large babies, which may be difficult to deliver. Also, obese women are more likely to develop gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, or preeclampsia. They are more likely to have a pregnancy that lasts 42 weeks or longer (post-term) and to need a cesarean delivery. ?
Advantages of Breast Feeding Infant • Decreased incidence of diarrhoea, ear infections, gastroenteritis • Transfer of antibodies from mother – acquired immunity • Less obesity – breast milk low in fat • More digestible – smaller chain proteins • Decreased food allergy – proteins are of human origin so not foreign to body Maternal • Mother more quickly returns to pre-pregnancy weight • Costs less than substitutes – increasing price of infant formula • Child spacing - with continuous breast feeding ovulation does not occur 4. Portable, right temperature and resists spoilage in breast
Chemical methods of birth control Remember birth control pills are not 100% effective in preventing pregnancies. Using birth control pills in addition to another contraceptive is more effective then using birth control pills alone. Birth control pills do not protect you against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/ sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and HIV/AIDS Most women forget to take the pills same time every day
Surgical birth control Male vasectomy – vas deferens/sperm duct cut and ends sealed Laparotomy – oviducts cut and ends sealed
Effectiveness of birth control methods More effective less than 1 in 100 women per year Less effective 30 pregnancies in 100 women
Social aspects of birth control -not using birth control results in; • Unplanned pregnancies • Increased spread of STI’s • Increased number of teenage pregnancies • More requests for abortions • Less funds available for higher education, travel etc.
Population aspects of birth control As a community grows wealthier, the birth rate goes down -longer better education-women postpone pregnancies -better living conditions – more offspring survive -living in cities – larger families not needed -use of family planning to space children Text p. 263
Sexually Transmitted Infections Gonorrhoea – bacterial infection Syphilis – bacterial infection HPV – Human Pappilomavirus
Treatment of Sexually transmitted Infections Gonorrhea - antibiotics Syphilis-antibiotics Human pappilomavirus – vaccine/no treatment
