Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition

1. Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition BIOL 103, Chapter 12-1

2. Today’s Topic • Pregnancy

3. Pregnancy • (Pg. 500)“Energy and nutrient needs both increase, but needs for calories increases by a ___________ percentage than for most vitamins and minerals. As a result, food choices during pregnancy must be ____________-dense.”

4. Pregnancy • Nutrition before conception • Goals of preconception care is to provide: • Screening for risk • Health promotion and education • Intervention as needed • Weight • Maintain a ___________ weight • _____________weight increases risk for poor outcome • If low  preterm delivery • If too high  gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, C-section • Not a good time to “diet”

5. Nutrition Before Conception • Vitamins (Problem Set 12, Q 1a and 1b) • 400-800 micrograms of synthetic _____________/day • Why? • Avoid high doses of __________________________ • Why? • Substance use • Eliminate alcohol, tobacco, drugs, prior to pregnancy

6. Physiology of Pregnancy • Trimesters: 3 time periods of pregnancy, each lasting ~13-14 weeks • Stages of human fetal growth • _________________________________: Weeks 0-2 • Cells differentiate into ___________________________ • _________________________________: Weeks 2-8 • Development of _____________ systems • Critical period of development –time when _____________ has the greatest impact on the developing embryo. • Birth defects, miscarriages • _________________________: Weeks 9 to delivery • Growth

7. Physiology of Pregnancy • Maternal changes: • Growth of maternal tissues  weight gain and lactation. • Examples: • Increase in maternal ____________ volume • _________ GI motility  increases __________ absorption.

8. Maternal Weight Gain • Recommendations depend on BMI • Table 12.3: Guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy. • Underweight  Gain 28-40 pounds • Normal weight  Gain ______________ pounds • Obese  11-20 pounds • Higher recommended gain for underweight women, _______________________________ • Lower recommended gain for overweight and obese women

9. Maternal Weight Gain Weight gain occurs mostly during 2nd and 3rdtrimester. 40% of weight gain  fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid 60% of weight gain  maternal tissues (adipose stores, breast/uterine growth, expanded blood and ECF)

10. Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy • Energy • ______ increases to support increased workload on mother’s heart and lungs, and energy requirements of fetus/placenta. • __________________ is the best indicator of adequate calorie intake. • Nutrients to support pregnancy • Well-balanced diet • Often, pregnant women have difficulty consuming enough ___________________________

11. Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy • Macronutrients • Moderate-____________, low-_____________, and high _____________________ • Protein • Synthesis of new maternal, placental, and fetal tissues • Additional _____ gram/day over non-pregnancy needs • Fat • ___________ for mother and development of placenta • Stored fat supports _______________________ • Carbohydrates • Main source of ___________________________ • __________________ carbohydrates • ______________-rich

12. Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy • Micronutrients • Increased need for overall _______________ • Increased needs for most vitamins and minerals • Support growth and development • Highest increase for __________________ • Increased needs for vitamins ___________ • Q: How are B vitamins used during pregnancy?

13. Food Choices for Pregnant Women • Follow the __________ Daily Food Plan for Moms • Variety • Additional servings of grain, vegetable, fruit, and low-fat milk • Supplement with prenatal formula • Herbal supplements are ____________ recommended • Although multi-vitamin supplements are common, generally, supplements are not needed other than for iron and folate.

14. Food Choices for Pregnant Women(PS#12, Q2a) • Foods to avoid • __________________ • __________________ • Why? • Less than 300 milligrams of ____________ per day

15. Substance Use and Pregnancy Outcome (PS12, Q2b) • _________________ • Risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight • Alcohol • Risk for __________________________ • ___________________ defects • ___________________ retardation • Drugs • Risks for miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birth weight, ______________, and __________________

16. Strategies to Avoid GI Distress: Slowed GI movement nausea, heartburn and constipation Smaller/frequent meals, drinking liquids between meals, fiber and fluids are recommended

17. Special Situations During Pregnancy • Food cravings and aversions • Food cravings/aversions are _________ based on a nutrient deficiency or a physiological condition. • Pica – consumptions of nonfood items such as dirt, clay, laundry starch, ice, or burnt matches. • Hypertension • Preeclampsia: ____________________________ • Can progress to eclampsia(seizures)

18. Special Situations During Pregnancy • Diabetes • Adjust diet and insulin as needed • Gestational diabetes: a condition that results in high blood glucose during pregnancy. • Hormones of pregnancy tend to counteract _________________ • Often controlled through ___________ • May require insulin

19. Special Situations During Pregnancy • HIV/AIDS • ______________ to reduce risk of transmission • >90% of childhood HIV infections are from mother-to-child transmission • Many times, women with HIV or AIDS are likely to have multiple nutrition problems • __________________ malnutrition • __________________ deficiency • Inadequate _______________________

20. Special Situations During Pregnancy • Adolescence • Extra demands for ____________________ • Risk for preeclampsia, anemia, premature birth, low-birth-weight babies, infant mortality, and sexual transmitted disease • _______________ eating patterns a concern • Weight gain toward _________ recommended • Need for __________________