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Pharmacology

Pharmacology. CHAPTER 22. OVERVIEW. What is a Drug? Any substance that when taken into the body, may modify one or more of i ts: . Functions. Prescription drugs or medications can be in the form of pills, capsules, liquids or inhalers. Pharmac ist.

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Pharmacology

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  1. Pharmacology CHAPTER 22

  2. OVERVIEW

  3. What is a Drug? Any substance that when taken into the body, may modify one or more of its: Functions.

  4. Prescription drugs or medications can be in the form of pills, capsules, liquids or inhalers.

  5. Pharmacist A specialist who is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs (medicines).

  6. The study of how drugs interact in the human body. Pharmacodynamics

  7. The study of poisons, their detection, their effects, and establishing antidotes and methods of treatment for conditions they produce. Toxicology

  8. The study of drugs that have a specific an deadly effect on disease-causing microorganisms. Chemotherapy

  9. Drug Laws

  10. Passed by U.S. Congress in 1938 • Regulates quality, purity, potency, effectiveness, safety, labeling, and packaging of food, drug, and cosmetic products • Enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)

  11. Controls the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of “controlled substances,” which include: • Drugs that have the potential of being abused and/or causing physical or psychological dependence • Enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Controlled substance act

  12. Compare some “non-schedule” drugs with “schedule drugs” in terms of dependence and physical harm.

  13. Schedule I Drugs: • Notconsidered to be legitimate for medical usein the United States • Used for research only and cannot be prescribed • High risk for abuse • Examples: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) , heroin, [marijuana?]

  14. Schedule II Drugs • Accepted medical use but have a high potential for abuse and addiction • Must be ordered by written prescription • Cannot be refilled without a new, written prescription • Example: Cocaine: “topical cocaine anesthetic is sometimes used in certain nose, sinus, and/or throat surgeries, but is under speculation because of increased risk of MI during or after application.” (Source: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/543487)

  15. Schedule III Drugs • Moderatepotential for abuse or addiction, low potential for physical dependence • May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order • Prescription expires in six months – may not be refilled more than five times in six-month period • Examples: Tylenol with codeine • “This product combines the analgesic effects of a centrally acting analgesic, codeine, with a peripherally acting analgesic, acetaminophen. “ (Source: http://www.drugs.com/pro/tylenol-with-codeine.html)

  16. Schedule IV Drugs • Less potential for abuse or addiction than those of Schedule III, with limited physical dependence • May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order • May be refilled up to five times in a six-month period – prescription expires in six months • Example: Librium: “A versatile therapeutic agent of proven value for the relief of anxiety.” (Source: http://www.rxlist.com/librium-drug.htm)

  17. Schedule V Drugs • Have a smallpotential for abuse or addiction • May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order • No limit on prescription refills • Some of these drugs may not need prescription • Example: Robitussin-AC: “contains codeine and Guaifenesin (an expectorant).” (Source: http://www.drugs.com/mtm/robitussin-ac.html)

  18. Rules established to control strength, quality, and purity of medications prepared by various manufacturers • Require all preparations called by the same drug name to be of a uniform . . . strength, quality, and purity Drug Standards

  19. Available for health professionals responsible for safe administration of medications • Provide the following information: • Composition, action, indications for use, contraindications for use, precautions, side effects, adverse reactions, route of administration, dosage range, and what forms are available Drug References

  20. Hospital formulary • Lists all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy • Provides information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical use Drug References

  21. Physician’s Desk Reference • Manufacturers pay to list information about their products in the PDR • Same information that appears on Package Inserts (as required by the FDA) • Generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, dosage, and route of administration Drug References

  22. Drug Sources

  23. Drug Names

  24. Describes the chemical structure of the drug. • Includes the formula that indicates the composition of the drug. Chemical Name

  25. The official name of a drug when the drug was first manufactured. • The spelling of the generic name is always in lowercase letters. • The original manufacturer of the drug is the only company that can use the generic name for the drug for the first 17 years of its use. Generic Name

  26. The name under which the drug is sold by a specific manufacturer. • Each brand name drug carries a registered trademark symbol (®) • The spelling of the brand name always begins with a capital letter. Brand Name (Trade Name)

  27. Is this a chemical name, generic name, or brand name of a drug? Isobutylphenylpropionic acid Answer: chemical name.

  28. i(so)bu(tyl)phen(yl) pro(pionic acid) = • i(so)bu(tyl)phen(yl) pro(pionic acid)= • ibuprofen = generic name

  29. Brand Name = Advil®

  30. Drug Actions/Interactions

  31. Know the Difference Desired effect Local effect Systemic effect Side effect Adverse Reaction Anaphylactic shock Tolerance Cumulation Potentiation

  32. Drug Actions – Drug Effects • Drug actions • How drugs produce changes within the body • Drug effect • Changes that take place in the body as a result of drug action • Slowing down or speeding up processes • Destroying certain cells or parts of cells • Replacing substances that the body lacks or fails to produce

  33. Routes of Administration • Oral • Sublingual • Buccal • Inhalation • Rectal • Vaginal • Topical • Transdermal • Parenteral (injected) • Intradermal • Intramuscular • Intravenous • Subcutaneous

  34. ParenteralRoutes of Administration

  35. DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS Review chart on Pgs. 878-880

  36. Antineoplastic drugs What drug classification prevents the development, growth, or reproduction of cancerous cells?

  37. Anticoagulant drugs What drug classification prevents clot formation and continuation?

  38. Antihypertensive drugs What drug classification prevents or controls high blood pressure?

  39. Anesthetics What drug classification partially or completely numbs or eliminates sensitivity with or without loss of conscious-ness?

  40. Hypnotic drugs What drug classification induces sleep or dulls the senses?

  41. Calcium channel blocker and beta blockers What drug classification treats hypertension, angina, and various abnormal heart rhythms?

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