Dynamic visualizations

1. Dynamic visualizations On ‘non-canonical’ keyboard-input and terminal escape-sequences for visualization effects

2. Our course’s theme Using the computer to study the computer

3. Two ‘dynamic visualizations’ • Showing the Linux kernel’s algorithm for setting up ‘permanent kernel mappings’ • Showing the dual-CPUs’ responses to device-interrupts and CPU-exceptions

4. Some application tools • We need to modify the terminal-console’s normal way of processing keyboard-input and of displaying its line-at-a-time output • ANSI terminal escape-sequences allow page-oriented output (i.e., left-and-right, up-and-down), control of cursor-visibility and of character-attributes (e.g., colors)

5. The ‘tty’ interface • ‘tty’ is an acronyn for ‘TeleTYpe’ terminal • Such devices have a keyboard and screen • Behavior emulates technology from 1950s • Usually a tty operates in ‘canonical’ mode: • Each user-keystroke is ‘echoed’ to screen • Some editing is allowed (e.g., backspace) • The keyboard-input is internally buffered • The <ENTER>-key signals an ‘end-of-line’ • Programs receive input one-line-at-a-time

6. ‘tty’ customization • Sometimes canonical mode isn’t suitable (an example: animated computer games) • The terminal’s behavior can be modified! • UNIX provides a convenient interface: • #include <termios.h> • struct termios tty; • int tcgetattr( int fd, struct termios *tty ); • int tcsetattr( int fd, int flag, struct termios *tty );

7. How does the ‘tty’ work? application User space tty_driver c_lflag Kernel space input handling c_iflag c_cc output handling c_oflag SOFTWARE struct tty { c_iflag; c_oflag; c_cflag; c_lflag; c_line; c_cc[ ]; }; terminal_driver c_cflag HARDWARE TeleTYpe display device

8. The ‘c_lflag’ field • This field is just an array of flag bits • Individual bits have symbolic names • Names conform to a POSIX standard • Linux names match other UNIX’s names • Though actual symbol values may differ • Your C/C++ program should use: #include <termios.h> for portability to other UNIX environments

9. ICANON and ECHO • Normally the ‘c_lflag’ field has these set • They can be cleared using bitwise logic: tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; // inhibit echo tty.c_lflag &= ~ICANON; // no buffering tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG; // no CTRL-C

10. The ‘c_cc[ ]’ array • ‘struct termios’ objects include an array • The array-indices have symbolic names • Symbol-names are standardized in UNIX • Array entries are ‘tty’ operating parameters • Two useful ones for our purposes are: tty.c_cc[ VMIN ] and tty.c_cc[ VTIME ]

11. How to setup ‘raw’ terminal-mode • Step 1: Use ‘tcgetattr()’ to get a copy of the current tty’s ‘struct termios’ settings • Step 2: Make a working copy of that object • Step 3: Modify its flags and control-codes • Step 4: Use ‘tcsetattr()’ to install changes • Step 5: Perform desired ‘raw’ mode input • Step 6: Use ‘tcsetattr()’ to restore the terminal to its original default settings

12. Input-mode needs five settings • tty.c_cc[ VMIN ] = 0; • so the ‘read()’ function will return -- even if there is not at least one new input-character available • tty.c_cc[ VTIME ] = 0; • so there will be no time-delay, after each new key pressed, until the ‘read()’ function returns • tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; // no input-echoing • tty.c_lflag &= ~ICANON; // no buffering • tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG; // no <CTRL>-C

13. Demo program: ‘noncanon.cpp’ • This program may soon prove useful • It shows the keyboard scancode values • It demonstrates ‘noncanonical’ tty mode • It clears the ISIG bit (in ‘c_lflags’ field) • This prevents <CONTROL>-C from being used to abort the program: the user must ‘quit’ by hitting the <ESCAPE>-key; so default terminal-settings will get reinstalled

14. ‘Noncanonical’ terminal i/o • We’ve now learned how to reprogram the terminal to allow “raw” keyboard input #include <termios.h> struct termios tty; tcgetattr( 0, &tty ); // get tty settings tty.c_lflag &= ~( ICANON | ECHO | ISIG ); tty.c_cc[ VMIN ] = 1; tty.c_cc[ VTIME ] = 0; tcsetattr( 0, TCSAFLUSH, &tty ); // install

15. ANSI command-sequences A look at some terminal emulation features utilized in the “console-redirection” mechanism

16. Clearing the screen • Here is an ANSI command-sequence that clears the terminal’s display-screen: char cmd[] = “\033[2J”; int len = strlen( cmd ); write( 1, cmd, len );

17. Reposition the cursor • Here is an ANSI command-sequence that moves the cursor to row 12, column 40: char cmd[] = “\033[12;40H”; int len = strlen( cmd ); write( 1, cmd, len );

18. ANSI color-codes 0 = black 1 = red 2 = green 3 = brown 4 = blue 5 = magenta 6 = cyan 7 = gray

19. Setting text attributes • Here is an ANSI command-sequence that sets foreground and background colors: char cmd[] = “\033[32;44m”; int len = strlen( cmd ); write( 1, cmd, len );

20. Cursor visibility commands • Here are ANSI command-sequences that will ‘hide’ or ‘show’ the terminal’s cursor: char hide[] = “\033[?25l”; // lowercase L char show[] = “\033[?25h”; // lowercase H

21. In-class exercise #1 • Modify this simple C++ program so that it will print its “Hello” message in colors and be located in the center of the screen: #include <stdio.h> int main( void ) { printf( “Hello, world! \n” ); }

22. In-class exercise #2 • Compile and install our ‘pkmaps.c’ module • Then download, compile and execute our ‘mapwatch.cpp’ visualization-application • While ‘mapwatch’ continues to run in one window of your graphical desktop, open a second window nearby and execute some common commands, for example: $ ls $ mmake pkmaps

23. In-class exercise #3 • Compile and install our ‘smpwatch.c’ LKM • Then download, compile and execute our ‘smpwatch.cpp’ visualization-application • In a nearby window, try hitting some keys and moving the mouse • Try executing the ‘ping’ command to see if another machine responds, for example: $ ping stargate