Arja Hamari Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies

1. The abessive case of the PermiclanguagesThe 14th International Morphology MeetingMay 13-16Budapest, Hungary ArjaHamari Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies University of Helsinki, Finland

2. Study material: • Komi: • Komi mu (Oct. 1st, 2008 - Sept. 30th, 2009) • Vojvyv kodzuv (1/1997 - 5/1997) • Udmurt: • Udmurt duńńe(Jan. 1st - Dec. 31st 2007)

3. Janhunen (1982: 31): "[--] Othersuffixes in PU couldalsohave had case-like uses: it is difficult to distinguish a case ending from certain types of derivative morphemes. For instance, a caritive in *-ktå/-ktä (used as a case form in Finnic) existed in PU, but whether it was a case form or a derivational formation remains unclear."

4. Itkonen (1992: 223): In Finno-Permic languages: • *Cta ~ *Ctä + nominal ending *ma ~ *mä > the successors usually adnominal (e.g. Komi -töm ~ Udmurt -tem) • *Cta ~ *Ctä + lative case ending *k > the successors usually adverbial (e.g. Komi -tög ~ Udmurt -teg)

5. The abessive case in nouns • the affirmative equivalents in Komi: • the instrumental case in -ön: karandaš-ön'with a pencil' karandaš-tög 'without a pencil' • the comitative case in -köd: Tol'a-köd 'with Tol'a' Tol'a-tög 'without Tol'a'

6. The abessive case in nouns • the affirmative equivalents in Udmurt • the instrumental case in -(j)en: karandaš-en'with a pencil' karandaš-tek'without a pencil' Ondi-jen'with Ondi' Ondi-tek'without Ondi'

7. The abessive case in nouns The possessive declension (Bartens 2000: 110-112): • Komi gort 'home' sg.1. gort-öj-tög pl.1. gort-tög-nym sg.2. gort-tög-yd pl.2. gort-tög-nyd sg.3. gort-tög-ys pl.3. gort-tög-nys • Udmurt gurt 'village' sg.1. gurt-e-tek pl.1. gurt-my-tek sg.2. gurt-ed-tek pl.2. gurt-ty-tek sg.3. gurt-ez-tek pl.3. gurt-sy-tek

8. The abessive case in nouns • morphological characteristics: • in both languages: can be attached to common nouns, proper nouns, pronouns • furthermore, in Udmurt: • can be attached to the adverb kema 'for a long time' • can be attached to the negative indefinite pronoun nomyr 'nothing'

9. The abessive case in nouns

10. The abessive case in nouns • Syntactic characteristics: • in both languages: the case forms function as adverbials • in the Udora dialect of Komi: the case forms function both as adverbials and as attributes

11. Examples:

12. Examples:

13. The abessive case in nouns • in both languages: modifiers to the abessive forms • adjective • possessor in nominative or in genitive • negative indefinite pronoun • participle

14. Examples:

15. The abessive case in verbs • the suffix is attached straight into the verbal stem in both languages • the affirmative equivalents in Komi: • the affirmative gerund in -ig- and-ömön voślavny śylig 'to stride singing' ~ voślavny śylömön 'to stride singing' >< voślavny śyvtög 'to stride without singing'

16. The abessive case in verbs • the affirmative equivalents in Udmurt: • the affirmative gerund in -sa uža-sa 'working; by working' >< uža-tek 'without working'

17. The abessive case in verbs • Syntactic characteristics of the negative gerunds • free adverbials • complements to verbs meaning 'be', 'leave', 'stay' • attributes for deverbal nouns

18. Examples:

19. Examples:

20. Examples:

21. The changes of the case system in Proto-Permian • Baker (1985: 137-153): • phonological processes • secretion • semantic shifts • adaptation of nonflectional elements • case-compounding • was anything preserved from the older system? • the abessive case

22. What was the reason for the preservation of the suffix-final consonant of the abessive? • Uotila (1933: 132) and, accordingly, Baker (1985: 137): • the postposing of the possessive suffix with respect to abessive case ending in the possessive declension • cf. modern Komi: gort-tög-yd home-abe-poss.2sg 'without your home'

23. What was the reason for the preservation of the suffix-final consonant of the abessive?

24. What was the reason for the preservation of the suffix-final consonant of the abessive? • Cypanov (1997: 161-162): • the structural similarity of the Komi abessive suffix in -tög and the derivational caritive suffix in -töm • the deletion of the suffix-final consonants would have led to the merger of the suffixes

25. What was the reason for the preservation of the functions of the abessive case? • haphazard? • the character of the case ending as an element of negation? • Givón (1979: 121-122): diachronic conservatism of negation as opposed to affirmation • cf. the negative participles of Komi and Udmurt

26. Bibliography • Baker, Robin 1985: The Development of the Komi Case System. A Dialectological Investigation. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 189. Helsinki. • Bartens, Raija 2000: Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 238. Helsinki. • Csepregi, Márta 2001: Abessiivi, karitiivi – suffiksi yli sanaluokkarajojen. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum 7.–13.8.2000. Pars IV. Tartu. • Cypanov 1997 = Цыпанов, Е. А.: Причастиевкомиязыке: истори, ясемантика, дистрибуция.Екатеринбург. • Givón, Talmy 1979: On Understanding Grammar. Perspectives in Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics. New York. • Itkonen, Terho 1992: Ugrilaisten kielten karitiivista. In: Pál Deréky et al. (eds.): Festshcrift für Károly Rédei zum 60. Geburtstag. Wien – Budapest. • JanhunenJuha 1982: On the structure of Proto-Uralic. Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen XLIV. Helsinki. • Korhonen, Mikko 1981: Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 370. Helsinki. • Kel'makov, Valentin – Hännikäinen, Sara 2008: Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia. Hilfsmittel für das Studium der finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen XIV. Helsinki. • Sorvacheva – Beznosikova 1990 = Сосвачева, В. А. – Безносикова, Л. М. 1990: Удорский диалект коми языка. Москва. • Uotila, T. E. 1933: Zur Geschichte des Konsonantismus in den permischen Sprachen. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 65. Helsinki.