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CHAPTER 18

THE 1890S. CHAPTER 18. POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT IN A DECADE OF DEPRESSION AND WAR. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ. “If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name for what are we living?”.

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CHAPTER 18

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  1. THE 1890S CHAPTER 18 POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT IN A DECADE OF DEPRESSION AND WAR CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name for what are we living?” John Hope, black professor at Roger Williams University, 1896

  3. TIMELINE 1887 U.S. gains control over Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Pogo Pogo, Samoa 1889 Oklahoma opened to white settlers 1890 Territory of Oklahoma established by Congress Congress establishes Yosemite Valley as a national park Massacre at Wounded Knee Sherman Silver Purchase Act First Pan-American Conference in Washington National-American Woman Suffrage Association formed 1891 The Court of Private Land Claims 11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans 1892 Sierra Club founded by John Muir 230 deaths of black men by lynching First national convention of Populist party

  4. TIMELINE continued 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” September 16, 100,000 people claimed 6.5 million acres in Oklahoma Territory Immigration Restriction League launches campaign to impose literacy test on incoming aliens Western Federation of Miners founded National depression hits Laws protecting women and ending child labor 1895 Encyclopedia Britannica first published United States v. E.C. Knight Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company

  5. TIMELINE continued 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson National Association of Colored Women McKinley wins Presidency over Bryan 1897 Peary returns from Arctic accompanied by 6 Eskimos 1898 Commodore Dewey sinks Spanish ships in Manila Bay U.S. declares war on Spain Hawaii annexed Rough Riders and San Juan Hill 1899 U.S. fights war against Filipino rebels White Man’s Union 1900 Between 1890 and 1900, 3 million immigrants entered the United States

  6. POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT Overview • Frontiers at Home, Lost and Found • The Search for Alliances • American Imperialism

  7. FRONTIERS AT HOME, LOST AND FOUND • Exceptionalism: the idea that its individualism and democratic values make the US unique among nations. • Turner’s thesis: “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” • The need to assimilate and Americanize certain groups of people and to tighten systems of legal discrimination against others

  8. Claiming and Managing the Land • 1889: unoccupied lands opened to settlers, “Sooners”, and to oil developers • The government oversaw the land: • Court of Private Land Claims, USDA, Weather Bureau, Division of Road Inquiries, Division of Biological Survey • National Parks are created • Yosemite, Mount Rainier, Glacier • Sierra Club founded by John Muir

  9. Establishing “Racial” Categories • Factors in new obsession with race • Colonization brings whites face to face with dark skinned people • “New Immigration” from eastern Europe • Violence along the US-Mexican border • Resistance of African Americans and Indians to authority of white people

  10. Population Density, 1890

  11. Establishing “racial” categories • Encyclopedia Britannica lists physical characteristics allegedly distinguishing the races • Democrats in the South impose voting restrictions on African Americans • Literacy requirements, poll taxes, “grandfather clauses” • 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal • Lynching: • 1892: 230 black men lynched • 1891: 11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans

  12. New Roles for Schools • Schools separated into particular groups • “Industrial Education Movement”: School as vehicle for vocational training evoking different reactions from black leaders: • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. DuBois and John Hope • Catholic Schools

  13. THE SEARCH FOR ALLIANCES • Class Conflict • The Pension Act and The Sherman Silver Purchase Act • Strikes and violence • Homestead Plant • Armed workers battle with detectives from Pinkerton: 10 dead • Amalgamated Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers union broken • Workforce and wages reduced • Union organizing stymied by hatred • Protestants vs. Roman Catholics, Irish vs. English, Europeans vs. Mexicans and Chinese

  14. Class Conflict • 1892: mine owners in Idaho form “protective assocation”: miners and and troops clash • Populist party emerges as a national force • First national convention in 1892 • Depression of 1893 • Coxey’s Army marches on Washington to petition Congress • United States v. E.C. Knight and Pollock v. Farmer’s Loand and Trust Company: big business favored

  15. The Demise of the Populists • 1896: William Jennings Bryan nominated • McKinley outspends Bryan and uses slogan: “In God we trust, in Bryan we bust” • The Populist decline after election; and even with intense class conflicts, no viable worker’s party emerges • Unlike movements in Europe, ethnic, racial, and religious prejudices play major role in preventing a socialist movement in US

  16. Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the NAWSA • The General Federation of Women’s Clubs • National Association of Colored Women • Ramabai Circles • Emma Goldman: sexual liberation and rights of workers • Charlotte Perkins Gilman

  17. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM • Country’s industrial manufacturing demanded new markets • Cultural Encounters with the Exotic • Fascination in America for exotic artifacts and images • Frederic Edwin Church, John Singer Sargent, Eric Pape

  18. American Imperialism • Initial Imperialist Ventures • Mahan: The Influence of Seapower in History, 1660-1763 • US control over Pearl Harbor and Pago Pago • 1890: Washington DC hosts first Pan-American Conference • May 1, 1898: Dewey sinks Spanish ships in Manila Bay • Roosevelt, Rough Riders, and San Juan Hill • Cuba: The Platt Amendment • Philippine Islands owned by US

  19. Hawaii • 1887: U.S. in Pearl Harbor • Hawaiian sugar shipped duty free to States • McKinley Tariff of 1890 • 1893: planters and U.S. Marines depose Queen Liliuokalani • President Cleveland honors Hawaiians request not to be annexed

  20. The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898 • 1895: Cuban nationalists stage an uprising against Spanish • Publishers Hearts and Pulitzer engage in “yellow journalism” stirring up war • April, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain • Teller Amendment • Dewey in the Philippines: Manila Bay, May 1st, 1898 and Manila taken in August

  21. War of 1898 continued • July 7, 1898: Hawaiian’s granted U.S. citizenship rights and official U.S. territory in 1900 • July: Roosevelt’s Rough Riders’ and Black regiments’ victorious charges • August 12, 1898: Spain signs armistice • Platt Agreement: guarantees U.S. influence over Cuba • Philippines bought for $20 million • Filipino rebels fight with U.S. for 2 years until 1901 • China open for trade; Boxer Rebellion quelled by Germans, Japanese, British, French, and Americans

  22. Critics of Imperialism • Mark Hanna, New York financier labels Roosevelt a “madman” • The Anti-Imperalist League • Mark Twain • Samuel Gompers • Andrew Carnegie • Sumner and Social Darwinism • Immigrants back Imperialism to claim Americanness • 1900: McKinley and Roosevelt take White House

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