Salters Advanced Chemistry Individual Investigation

1. Salters Advanced ChemistryIndividual Investigation Risk Assessments, References and Experimental Methods

2. Risk Assessments You should include a risk assessment for: All of the chemicals that you plan to use Any chemical produced that has a significant hazard associated with it Any unusual process which are going to carry out

3. Risk Assessments Your risk assessment should be selective and focus on the chemical in the form you are actually going to use it. If you are going to use 1moldm-3 sulfuric acid this involves a different hazard and consequent precaution compared to what you would face if you were to use concentrated sulfuric acid 1moldm-3 sulfuric acid is IRRITANT not CORROSIVE

4. Risk Assessments Another example: Ethanol is highly flammable therefore keep away from naked flames Methanol is highly flammable and is toxic therefore keep away from naked flames AND use in a fume cupboard

5. Risk Assessments Where to find information First place to look is on the college network Go to CLEAPSS then Hazcards For less common chemicals look at a chemical supplier catalogue

6. References You need note references down whenever you make use of a resource so that you can say where your information came from You need to be precise You need to link references to your report text via a numbering system

7. References Your written sources should include Name of the publication Author(s) Chapter heading if appropriate Page number

8. References Example 1 Salters Advanced Chemistry Chemical Ideas George Burton et al Chapter 10.2 Page 223 Example 2 CLEAPPS Hazcard Number 40 Ethanol, methanol and IMS

9. References Your Website references should include Web address Brief description of what you used it for Date that you accessed it

10. References Example 1 www.avagadro.co.uk Introducing acid base concepts Accesses 3nd June 2007 Example 2 www.york.ac.uk/depts/chem/chemrev/project.htm Project page article on decomposing hydrogen peroxide Accesses 3nd June 2007

11. Measuring rates of reaction Clock Reactions You measure the time for the same, fixed amount of reaction to happen in every experiment Examples Iodide and peroxodisufate reaction Hydrogen peroxide, iodide and acid reaction Bromine, bromate and acid reaction

12. Measuring rates of reaction Measure the volume of gas produced as the reaction proceeds Examples Magnesium and acids Hydrogen peroxide and catalysts

13. Measuring rates of reaction Use a colorimeter to measure change in colour of the solution Example Propanone, acid and iodine

14. Measuring rates of reaction Use a titration to follow change in iodine concentration Example Propanone, acid and iodine

15. Analysis Use analysis for a purpose to follow changes that are happening during a reaction Example 1 � Aspirin Make samples of aspirin by different methods Use a titration and/or a colorimeter to find purity Find out what difference re-crystallising makes Find out how easily aspirin is hydrolysed

16. Analysing Example 2 � Vitamin C Monitor changes using a titration What effects do air, heat and catalyst have on decomposition How does the Vitamin C content of a pepper change as a result of different cooking treatments

17. Enthalpy changes You need to measure changes very accurately so use a data logger Look for trends and patterns Example � Enthalpy of solution of salts with different cations and anions

18. Starting out Preliminary experiments are often a good idea Use them to fine tune the amounts of materials to use in your method What you do here counts as part of your project