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Evolution of video. By M ayten L umpkin . History of camera .
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Evolutionofvideo By Mayten Lumpkin
History of camera • Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw") The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839. It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material
Camera obscura • The earliest mention of this type of device was by the Chinese philosopher Mo-Ti (5th century BC). He formally recorded the creation of an inverted image formed by light rays passing through a pinhole into a darkened room. He called this darkened room a "collecting place" or the "locked treasure room." • Aristotle (384-322 BC) understood the optical principle of the camera obscura. He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree. • The Islamic scholar and scientist Alhazen Abu Ali gave a full account of the principle including experiments with five lanterns outside a room with a small hole. • In 1490 Leonardo Da Vinci gave two clear descriptions of the camera obscura in his notebooks. Many of the first camera obscuras were large rooms like that illustrated by the Dutch scientist Reinerus Gemma-Frisius in 1544 for use in observing a solar eclipse.
First animation • Fantasmagorie is an 1908 French animated film by Émile Cohl. It is one of the earliest examples of traditional (hand-drawn) animation, and considered by film historians to be the first animated cartoon.
First Walt Disney cartoon • Steamboat Willie is a 1928 American animated short film directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. It was produced in black-and-white by The Walt Disney Studio and released by Celebrity Productions. The cartoon is considered the debut of Mickey Mouse, and his girlfriend Minnie, but the characters had both appeared several months earlier in test screenings. Steamboat Willie was the third of Mickey's films to be produced, but was the first to be distributed. • The film is also notable for being one of the first cartoons with synchronized sound In fact, it was the first cartoon to feature a fully post-produced soundtrack which distinguished it from earlier sound cartoons such as Inkwell Studios
First video game • Tennis for Two was first introduced on October 18, 1958, at one of the Lab’s annual visitors’ days. Two people played the electronic tennis game with separate controllers that connected to an analog computer and used an oscilloscope for a screen. The game’s creator, William Higinbotham, was a nuclear physicist who had worked on the Manhattan Project and lobbied for nuclear nonproliferation as the first chair of the Federation of American Scientists
First mobile telephone • The history of mobile phones charts the development of devices which connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network. The transmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden’s invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky and consumed high power and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications. • In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
First home phone • The first telephone appeared in Wisconsin in 1877 when Appleton banker Alfred Galpin ran a line from his residence to the bank. Several months later, he built a homemade switchboard for twenty-five telephones in Appleton. Rivaling Appleton for the earliest telephone was Platteville, having one at least in 1878.
First home radio • The magic of early radio broadcasts captivates the country. News is heard on the very day it happens, and opera performed in New York City is experienced live in small towns from coast to coast.This new medium sparks the creative sprite and attracts entertainers, craftspeople and entrepreneurs. • Shortly after the first broadcasts in 1920, the popularity of radio explodes. Americans eagerly embrace the invisible world of sound that ripples across the land. By decade’s end, over 60% of households own a radio.
When YouTube was invented • YouTube was invented by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim out of a garage in Menlo Park. The inventors became millionaires when they sold their invention for 1.65 billion dollars to the search engine Google. According to their fact sheet, YouTube was founded in February 2005, as a destination to watch and share original videos worldwide through the Web. Users can upload and share video clips on www.YouTube.com and YouTube enables video embedding that allows YouTube videos to be placed on non-YouTube pages.
The first movie • What was the first movie ever made? There are a number of contenders, though photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge’s “The Horse in Motion,” made in 1878, is often designated as the first. It was a series of stereoscopic images of a galloping horse. • Muybridge gave many demonstrations of his primitive motion pictures, and at the Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition, in 1893, he lectured on the “Science of Animal Locomotion” in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose. He used his zoopraxiscope, which was an early type of movie projector, to show his movies to a paying public, making the Hall the first commercial movie theater.
First movie in color • The first modern color film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colored emulsions. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfa color in 1936. (In this newer technology, chromogenic dye couplers are already within the emulsion layers, rather than having to be carefully diffused in during development.) Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963
first movie theater • The first theater in the world exclusively devoted to showing motion pictures was the Nickelodeon, which was opened on June 19, 1905 in Pittsburgh, Penn. • The theater was the creation of Harry Davis and John P. Harris who moved 96 seats into an empty store at 433-435 Smithfield St., transforming it into the world's first movie theater. The name was based on the cost of admission to the theater (a nickel) and the Greek word for theater (Odeon). • The theater was the first to show films all day long and among the first films shown were Poor But Honest and The Baffled Burglar. The theater was a stunning success and thousands of nickelodeons began appearing in cities all across America.
First tape recorder • Magnetic recording— Early recording machines of the 1920s were cumbersome at best. Sound was recorded magnetically on rapidly spinning reels of steel wire, and editing could only be done with wire cutters and welding equipment. In 1934, Begun built the first tape recorder for broadcasting, which was later used in the 1936 Olympics. After WWII, he continued to work on magnetic recording media based on coating paper and plastic tape with ferromagnetic powder suspensions. Begun developed the first consumer tape recorder in the U.S. under the trade name Sound Mirror. He also negotiated the first sourcing agreement for magnetic tape with 3M—which later became a billion-dollar product line. (1998)
First movie with a narrative • The earliest film with a narrative was “The Roundhay Garden Scene,” made in 1888 by inventor Louis Le Prince. It’s 2.1 seconds long! • But scientists think that they may have found much older “moving pictures,” in caves in France and Spain. In some of these caves, sequences of animals have been drawn by ancient man, and when torch light flickers over them, the animals seem to move. These cave paintings are 30,000 years old! The claims about these “Paleolithic animated pictures” are controversial, but do check out the video to see what you think!
First tape recorder • Charles Ginsburg led the research team at Ampex Corporation in developing the first practical videotape recorder (VTR). In 1951, the first video tape recorder (VTR) captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic tape. Ampex sold the first VTR for $50,000 in
First video cassette recorder • The first VCassetteR or VCR were sold by Sony in 1971.
