Indian Space Programme & Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space

1. Indian Space Programme & Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space Indian Space Research Organisation April 23, 2007

2. 1947 : The Independence of India Developmental Issues Vast resources running to waste In short, Rich country inherited by developing society Formidable challenge to the builders of Nation No wonder, Socio-economic concerns form the nucleus of the Indian Space endeavour THE BIRTH OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

3. " ….. we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. … - Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai • Frank Admission : Existence of abundant down-to-earth problems of development. • Prudent assertion : Science &Technology being crucial apparatus for development. • Commitment : Science &Technology for socio-economic benefits in preference to display of grandeur. • Military Superiority • Technological Dominance • Display of Grandeur Indian Space Program is very different. Very deeply rooted to the society SPACE POLICY

4. Space for Development • Abundance of Problems of Development Shaped the Indian Approach to Space • Two Crucial Sectors of Space Applications • Remote Sensing • Telecommunications & Meteorology • Self Reliance • Huge Investments • High Risk • Large Gestation Periods Commercial Procurement Quick & Effective Self Reliance Against a possible alternative of reliance on foreign cooperative or commercial arrangements, self reliance was targeted since " ···· large scale benefits can accrue to a large country like India only when we have our own space segment specifically tailored to meet our requirements" INDIAN APPROACH TO SPACE

5. India is now self-reliant in space even though it does not mean producing all technological systems Most technologies are mastered and absorbed though not all of them are put in mass production. Immunity against "Technology Denials" Remarkable benefits to common man in timely & Cost- effective manner DID IT WORK ?

6. HUMAN RESOURCES 16,500 strong BUDGET Rs 3,200 Crore US $ 700 m INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION LARGE USER BASE IRS ACADEMIA & INDUSTRY SPACE COMMERCE INSAT Space Assets - Remote sensing & Telecom satellite Constellations LAUNCHERS STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE End – to - end capability INDIAN SPACE ENDEAVOUR

7. 22 Launch Vehicle Missions TODAY, 2007 Self reliance in launching November 21, 1963 SLV-3 ASLV LAUNCH VEHICLE 47+ 6 Spacecraft Missions PSLV GSLV 10 4 Self reliance in building satellites INSAT-3E 28.09.03 EDUSAT 20.09.04 CARTOSAT-2 10.01.07 KALPANA-1 12.09.02 INSAT-3A 10.04.03 INSAT-2E 03.04.99 INSAT-4A 22.12.05 SATELLITE APPLICATIONS GSAT-2 08.05.03 HAMSAT 05.05.05 INSAT-3C 24.01.02 ARYABHATA 19.04.75 INSAT-3B 22.03.00 CARTOSAT-1 05.05.05 RESOURCESAT-1 17.10.03 TES 22.10.01 IRS-1D 29.09.97 IRS-P4 26.05.99 FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

8. ORGANISATION CHART

9. Space Perspectives: • Efficient Land and Water Resources Management • Empowering People for Sustainable Development 700 M. Indians depend on Natural Resources for their Livelihood and Marketable Surplus Loss to 4.5% of the GDP due to Degradation of Natural Resources Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04) India's Annual Soil Loss 5334 Mt Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha) Forest: 64 M ha Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm) Glaciers : 8500 km3 Closed forest : 11% Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%) Depletion of ground water table Glacier retreat >10 meters/ year EEZ - 2 M km2 Fisheries ; Coastal : 2.8 MT Inland : 2.8 MT *000 m3 6 Coast line : 7500 km (Coral reefs / Mangroves) Wetlands : 7.6 M ha 5 Demographicpressure Declining availability of water per capita 4 3 0.28 0.28 P P Disaster Vulnerability C C L L 0.14 0.14 2 (ha) (ha) Y 1950 1950 2000 2000 1 NATIONAL PRIORITIES 1947 1967 1987 2007 2027 2047

10. AGRICULTURE & SOIL • Crop Acreage & Production Estimation • Soil & Land DegradationMapping • Watershed Development • Horticulture Mission for North-East • LAND • Landuse/Land Cover Mapping • Wasteland Mapping • Urban Sprawl Studies • Large Scale Mapping • WEATHER & CLIMATE • Extended Range Monsoon Forecasting • Ocean State Forecasting • Regional Climate Model • FOREST, ENVIRONMENT, BIO • Forest Cover & Type Mapping • Forest Fire and Risk Mapping • Biodiversity Characterisation • Environmental Impact Studies • WATER • Potential Drinking Water Zones • Command Area Management • Reservoir Sedimentation • DISASTER SUPPORT • Flood Damage Assessment • Drought Monitoring • Land Slide Hazard Zonation • OCEAN • Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) • Coastal Zone Mapping EARTH OBSERVATION – APPLICATIONS

11. A milestone application towards building social infrastructure Implementation and Feedback status • RAJ • 67,775  90 Ground Water Prospect Map with Sites for Recharge • MP • 22,006  90 • CHG • 34,413  93 • Development of spatial information system on ground water covering problem states • More than 90% successrate in drilled sources (more than 2,00,000 in 7 states) • AP • 35,139  93  Wells Drilled  Success Rate (%) • KAR • 34,688  93 • Kerala • 7,730  92 RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION

12. 1986-2000 2003 Reclaimed Ecologically Degraded Land - 64 Mha - 55 Mha9 Mha Culturable with interventions -45 Mha - 41 Mha Categorisation for development • A: Sands, Barren…(High capital investment) • B: Marginal Agril. (Intervention needed) • C: Saline, Aklaline.. (Second Generation Issues) February 1996 • Watershed Development Programme • Creation of Rural Employment/Assets • Targeting Poverty & Eco-degradation February 2002 B2 Category Wastelands National perspective plan Natural Resources Census (NRC) to monitor the changes Village & Watershed overlay  Districts having more than 30% Districts having 5% to 30% WASTELAND INVENTORY

13. OFF GOA COAST POTENTIAL FISHING ZONE – PFZ (IRS P4 OCM DERIVED) Fish catch (Kg/operation) increased by 1.5 to 2 times in West & East coast 3.0 mg/m3 5.0 0.1 POTENTIAL FISHING ZONES

14. INSAT-2E INSAT-3C INSAT-3B INSAT 4A KALPANA GSAT-3 INSAT-3E 93.5 83 74 55 48 INSAT-3A GSAT-2 OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

15. COMMUNICATION • Speech Circuits On Trunk Routes • VSAT Connectivity BROADCAST • Television Broadcasting • Direct To Home (DTH) • TV & Radio Networking OTHERS • Mobile Satellite Service • Search and Rescue • Satellite Navigation DEVELOPMENTAL METEOROLOGICAL • Tele-health • Tele-education • Emergency Communication • Meteorological Imaging • Data Collection Platform • Disaster Warning INSAT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

16. EduSat Video + Audio Video + Audio Audio 5 Spot Beams in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ext C Band (6 Channels) Class Room-2 Teaching-End Class Room-1 TELE EDUCATION

17. 180 Hospitals • 146 Dist/ Rural Hospitals • 34 Super Specialty Hospitals Reaching the un-reached Referral Hospitals Video Conferencing Health Specialist Centre Cardiology Pathology Video Conferencing Panel of Doctors TELE MEDICINE VIA SATELLITE

18. Space-based Services for Community Outreach Watershed Information Panchayat Planning Training Tele-medicine Drinking Water Tele-education Weather VILLAGE RESOURCE CENTRE (VRC)

19. Chandrayaan-1 India’s First Lunar Mission ASTROSAT SPACE SCIENCE

20. ISRO LAUNCHERS

21. Pre 1992 Scenario IntenseTechnology Generation Enormous Advancement Fair Share of failures By 1992 IRS-1A IRS-1B INSAT-2A SLV ASLV An Instrument for Socio-Economic Benefit Enhancements OPERATIONALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS INSAT-2A & ASLV LAUNCH SUCCESS Commercialization of Space : A new dimension to Space Policy ANTRIX was born SPACE COMMERCE

22. Reaching Indian Space Excellence to theGlobal Markets…... Antrix Portfolio • LAUNCH SERVICES • MISSION SUPPORT • CONSULTANCY & TRAINING • SATELLITE COMPONENTS AND • GROUND SYSTEMS AND OTHER SERVICES • EARTH OBSERVATIONS • DATA & SERVICES • REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES • TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE International Launch Service Customers Customer Profile HUGHES SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, MATRA MARCONI SPACE, CNES, DLR, BRASILIAN INDUSTRY etc., SPACE IMAGING, MDA, ALENIA, RESTEC…. Korea : KITSAT Germany : TUBSAT & BIRD Belgium : PROBA Indonesia : LAPAN-TUBSAT Argentina : PEHUENSAT ANTRIX CORPORATION

23. ISRO SPENT AROUND $ 700 M in 2005-2006 57% on access to space and 56.4% on bringing down benefits of space to earth Comparison with other Space Faring Nations (2001) Comparison within India 8 cent out of $ 100 GNP 14 Space Agencies Spend world over spend over $23b in a year. Indian Spending : Around 2 Cents in a dollar 12 Space Health Care Education 10 • A fleet of 10 Geostationary Satellites (INSAT- 2E; 3A; 3B; 3C; 3E; Kalpana-1; GSAT-2; Edusat; 4A & 4B) • A fleet of 7 Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS – 1C; 1D; P4; TES, Resourcesat-1, Cartosat 1&2) • Two operational Launchers – PSLV & GSLV • End-to-end capability in Remote Sensing & Telecommunication arena • A wide spectrum of applications benefiting the society • A reasonable success in commercialisation efforts 8 6 4 2 0 US ESA INDIA Billionsof $ CHINA ITALY JAPAN BRAZIL FRANCE CANADA GERMANY Source : World Market Prospects for Public Space Programs by Euroconsult 2002 AT WHAT COST ?

24. BILATERAL AUSTRALIA BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CANADA CHINA ESA EUMETSAT FRANCE GERMANY HUNGARY INDONESIA ISRAEL ITALY MAURITIUS MONGOLIA NORWAY PERU RUSSIA SWEDEN SYRIA THAILAND NETHERLANDS UK UKRAINE USA VENEZUELA SPACE SCIENCE Satellite Aided Search & Rescue System INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS

25. Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space All the opinions expressed herein belong to the author and do not represent those of the employer or the country. Some Reflections on Collective Security in Space

26. Security of this infrastructure, their renewal and expansion as needed, and the continuity of the operational services form the core of the Indian concern about security of space. What Space Security Means to India?

27. Space Security “Secure, sustainable and denial-free access to and use of space for peaceful purposesfor one and all”. Space Power “The term ‘spacepower’ is used normally with the meaning of might. However, here it is appropriate to describe it as the demonstrated ability to use the power of space for human welfare.” What Space Security Means to India?

28. International consensus based approach Space Debris Sharing of data Sharing of information on threats • Mitigation Guidelines • voluntary measures through national mechanisms” • a practical demonstration of the rules based approach A Few Positive Developments

29. US Space Policy (October 31, 2006) Recognises the risks posed by orbital debris Seeks to minimise its creation Promises exchange of information Improved debris mitigation practices Threat of Asteroid Strike on Earth & of Near Earth Object Impact A Few Positive Developments

30. Global Exploration Strategy • Innovation in approaches • Open mindedness • Willingness to learn from the past experiences Whether these participating space faring nations would be able to see beyond their own interests and address the interests of the less space capable nations and in fact the entire humanity? A Few Positive Developments

31. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture 1. Self Reliance Self reliance is an instrument to harden national technological capability and space systems against the perils of “shutter control” to serve foreign policy objectives or vested commercial interests under the guise of “security” concerns. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

32. “technology denial” and “control of export” to state actors is viewed as intentional threat against access to and use of space for peaceful purposes and also against the spirit of international cooperation embedded in the Outer Space Treaty Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

33. 2. Sustained National Consensus Sustained support of the society for the space policy and programmes is a prerequisite for a meaningful long term security in space. On the contrary, the fragility of or the narrowness of the public support for the space activities and its policies, irrespective of the technological dominance & economic prosperity of a state, might shake the very foundations of its security architecture Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

34. 3. International Cooperation India recognises IC a crucial apparatus in enhancing national, regional and global security and utilises this tool effectively. • Collaborating with other space faring nations for enhancing scientific knowledge of our planet earth and of the universe • Sharing this knowledge and experience towards capacity building in less space-capable nations, “Access to and use of space for peaceful purposes for one and all” is implemented. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

35. 4. The Rule of Law “… Indian delegation considers that the development of Space Law is crucial to the orderly and organised exploration of space for the peaceful purposes. … We reaffirm that the five UN Space treaties – evolved through consensus and accepted by a large number of countries – constitute the cornerstones of the international space law.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

36. “We would like to reiterate the Indian commitment to the use of Outer Space for peaceful purposes in the common interest of mankind. We support development and continuous evolution of rule of law for the peaceful use and exploration of outer space so as to ensure benefits to all countries, in particular to the developing countries.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

37. Indian delegation urges all countries to respect the sovereign right of every country to have access to Space and opportunity to utilize Space for developmental programmes. The respect for safety and security of Space assets and capabilities of all countries, without any denial or threat of denial of access to Space, is inevitable necessity for all of us to preserve and prosper together.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

38. 5. National Commitment to Security India recognises the vitality of space systems, ground segments, and the supporting link for the civil, commercial and other peaceful uses of outer space. The protection of these systems and unhindered uninterrupted continued operation of and services derived from these is its prime responsibility towards its own people and the entire humanity. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

39. “Any nation that possesses medium range ballistic missiles, space tracking capabilities and the means to precisely insert a satellite into orbit also has the ability to destroy a satellite.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

40. Some Recent Disturbing Trends 1. Change in Security Landscape US President Eisenhower to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin on Jan 13 1958 “I propose that we agree that outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes. We face a decisive moment in history in relation to this matter. Both the Soviet Union and the United States are now using outer space for the testing of missiles designed for military purposes. The time to stop is now.” Some Recent Disturbing Trends

41. “Test Ban Treaty” in August 1963 “Outer Space Treaty” in 1967 Other Space Treaties These are manifestations of the human faith in the rule of law and collective approach to global security. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

42. The abrogation of Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty. 2002 • UN First Committee - November 2005 - historical vote against PAROS • The linking of “Freedom of action in space” to “air power and sea power” • “Policy of negation” • Opposition to the development of new legal regimes • The recent test of a ground based anti satellite weapon Some Recent Disturbing Trends

43. These constitute a potent volatile mix, which has potential to tear apart the basic fabric of collective security. This decadence in the faith in rule based approach to the global security is truly deplorable. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

44. It is unfortunate that noble intentions of non-weaponisation of space require shoulders of violence. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

45. There is no alternative to international collective approach to space security. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 leaves no room for unilateralism of any kind. • A “judicious bouquet” of proposed solution The outer space is the next frontier. Together, let us make it a pleasant experience for the entire humanity

46. Thank You