Political Science and International Relations

1. Political Science and International Relations Development and state of the current collective security architecture Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnostNázev projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326

2. Goalsoflecture • To explainterms such as cooperativesecurity, collectivesecurity and collectivedefence • To introduce basic pillarsofEuropeansecurityarchitecture • To outlinetheirdevelopment, stance and mutual relations

3. Cooperativesecurity • The cooperative security is a comparatively new concept since it emerged after the end ofthe Cold War. Various arguments exist for that reason, which may roughly be divided into threetypes of understanding, namely nonmilitary-type cooperative security, cooperative security forethnic conflicts and collective security-type cooperative security. • The basic elements include comprehensive security thatcontains economic development, etc., a non-provocative security policy that does not threatento the others, such as confidence-building measures and multilateral framework. • The objective of the cooperative security is prevention of large-scale organized invasions,and more specifically, it aims to prevent accumulation of weapons of mass destruction andother offensive arms in the world and at the same time remove the causes that necessitatesoffensive arms and shift the military system in each nation toward more defensive militaryposture.

4. Collectivesecurity • Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace. Collective security is more ambitious than systems of alliance security or collective defence in that it seeks to encompass the totality of states within a region or indeed globally, and to address a wide range of possible threats. While collective security is an idea with a long history, its implementation in practice has proved problematic. Several prerequisites have to be met for it to have a chance of working.

5. Collectivesecurity • After World War I, the first large scale attempt to provide collective security in modern times was the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919–20. The provisions of the League of Nations Covenant represented a weak system for decision-making and for collective action. An example of the failure of the League of Nations' collective security is the Manchurian Crisis, when Japan occupied part of China (which was a League member). • The 1945 United Nations Charter, although containing stronger provisions for decision-making and collective military action than those of the League of Nations Covenant, does not represent a complete system of collective security, but rather a balance between collective action on the one hand and continued operation of the states system (including the continued special roles of great powers) on the other.

6. Collective defense • Collective defense is an arrangement, usually formalized by a treaty and an organization, among participant states that commit support in defense of a member state if it is attacked by another state outside the organization. NATO is the best known collective defense organization; its famous Article 5 calls on (but does not fully commit) member states to assist another member under attack. • Collective defense has its roots in multiparty alliances and entails benefits as well as risks. On the one hand, by combining and pooling resources, it can reduce any single state's cost of providing fully for its security. • On the other hand, collective defense also involves risky commitments. Member states can become embroiled in costly wars benefiting neither the direct victim nor the aggressor.

7. Article 5 of the Washington Treaty: • The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defencerecognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. • Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.

8. Article 4 WarsawPact(1955) • In the event of armed attack in Europe on one or more of the Parties to the Treaty by any state or group of states, each of the Parties to the Treaty, in the exercise of its right to individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations Organization, shall immediately, either individually or in agreement with other Parties to the Treaty, come to the assistance of the state or states attacked with all such means as it deems necessary, including armed force. The Parties to the Treaty shall immediately consult concerning the necessary measures to be taken by them jointly in order to restore and maintain international peace and security. • Measures taken on the basis of this Article shall be reported to the Security Council in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations Organization. These measures shall be discontinued immediately the Security Council adopts the necessary measures to restore and maintain international peace and security.

9. Article42TheLisbonTreaty (2008) • If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States.

10. Definitionofsecurityenvironment • External space of national interests realization • Place of interests conflicts of stakeholders in the system of international relations • Environment with higher unknown level, uncertainty and reduced ability to control • Arising from it threats and risks to the safety of the reference object

11. Trendsofsecurityenvironmentdevelopment • There is a relative decline in the importance of the nation state in the system of international relations and breaking its (territorial) sovereignty in matters of security • Supranational entities (businesses, international organizations and pressure groups, NGOs, media) are gaining unprecedented influence in world affairs • Globalization leads to extremely rapid and profound economic, political and military integration of regions and continents • Issuesof localand regional security arebecoming a global issues • Biggerconsequences of the use of violence in armed conflict

12. Changeofconflictcharacter • After the end of the Cold War significantly decreases the risk of a global military conflict • Interstate conflicts are much less frequent then national conflicts • Conflict of state actors are alternated by non-state actors conflict or conflict state and non-state actor (asymmetric conflict) • Ideological causes of the conflict are being replaced by economic reasons, nationalism and religious

13. Increasingof non-militarythreatsimportance • (International) terrorism, Cyberterrorism • Theproliferationofweapons, military technology and strategicmaterials • Environmentaldegradation • International organizedcrime • Thenegative consequencesofglobalsocial and economicdifferences • Epidemicsand pandemicsetc.

14. Predominantpositionof USA • U.S. remains the most significantmilitary State • Military, economic and technological potential of the U.S. allows a relatively autonomous implementation of foreign and security policy, regardless of the other players in the international relations • Spending on defense and security help maintainU.S. primacy in the world • Projection of U.S. military forces are hitting the U.S. economy, and has to cope with the rising ambitions of other challengers (China, Russia and others) • USA built a network of foreign bases and alliances to control the world's communications and key raw material areas

15. Political Science and International Relations Development and state of the current collective security architecture Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnostNázev projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326