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Political Science and International Relations

Political Science and International Relations Causes, development and solutions of selected armed conflicts. The aim of the presentation. to introduce selected armed conflicts which are characteristic for the last decade

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Political Science and International Relations

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  1. Political Science and International Relations Causes, development and solutions of selected armed conflicts

  2. Theaimofthepresentation • to introduce selected armed conflicts which are characteristic for the last decade • characterize their origins, development and attempts to solve these conflicts

  3. Content of the presentation Iraq conflict Historical determinants Development from 2003 to 2011 Afghanistan conflict Historical determinants Development from 2003 to 2014

  4. Iraq – historicaldeterminants • In 1920 Iraq became a League of nations mandate under British control with the name State of Iraq and the British authorities established the Hashemite dynasty and selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government and ministry offices • In 1932 declaration of independence (formal), Britain granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq and retained military bases and transit rights for their forces • In 1941coup d´état and fall of the government which caused Anglo-Iraqi war, the British army invaded Iraq, British military occupation followed the restoration of the pre-coup government of the Hashemite monarchy (occupation ended in 1947) • In 1958 a 14 july Revolution led to the end of the monarchy • In victory of 1968 Ba´ath Party.

  5. Iraq – historicaldeterminants • In 1979 President Saddam Hussein • In 1980 Iraq invaded Iran after the success of the Iranian revolution • 1980-1988 The Iran–Iraq War, (the First Persian Gulf War) • In August 1990 Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait and this led to intervention by US-led forces in the Second Gulf War • after Iraq defeat in 1991, Shia Muslim and Kurdish Iraqis led uprising against the regime, but these were repressed by loyal Saddam Hussein forces. • The US, UK, France and Turkey claiming authority under UN resolution, established the no-fly zones to protect Kurdish and Shiite populations from air attacks.

  6. Iraq – historicaldeterminants • In October 1998, U.S. President Clinton signed the Iraq liberation act calling for regime change in Iraq, and initiated Operation Desert Fox • In October 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Resolution to autorize the use of US armed forces against Iraq • Iraq is by USA and UK accused of unlawful possession of WMD and their development in violation of UN Resolution

  7. Iraqconflict • On March 2003, a US-organized coalition invaded Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom • Following the invasion, the US established the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to govern Iraq • CPA orders to exclude Ba´ath Party members from the new Iraqi government and to disband the Iraqi Army (this decision affected especially Sunnis Muslims) • Beginnings of insurgency against American occupation (initially based on former ruling party and military persons) • Beginnings of violence between Sunnis and Shias Muslims

  8. IraqiFreedom

  9. Iraqconflict • Shiamilitia (Mahdi army) created in the summer of 2003 byMoqtqda Sadr reached some 60,000 members by December 2006 • Participation of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, terrorists targeted coalition forces and community of Shia Muslims • By 2007, the violence between Shias and Sunnis had increased to civil war • New US COIN strategy (gen. Petraeus)

  10. Iraqconflict

  11. Iraqconflict • In 2008Blackwaterprivate security controversy • In 2008 Civil war continues (Spring offensives on Shia militias) • 2008-2010 Coalition and Iraqi government stepped up their efforts to build national defence and security forces • In 2009 Coalition forces redeployment • In 2010 U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn: • Barrack Obama: „Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.“

  12. Afghanistan – historicaldeterminants • In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in theGreat Game between British and the Russian Empire. • In 1893 The Durand Line was established. Line cuts through thePashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balouchistan region. • After the Third Anglo-afghan War in 1919, King Amanullahdeclared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state. • In 20´ many reforms intended to modernize Afghan nation.(including the abolition of the traditional burga for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools)

  13. Afghanistan – historicaldeterminants • Modernization vs. many tribal and religious leaders • in 1929 kingAmanullah Khan was forced by armed opposition to abdicate • rule ofZahir Shah, (reigned from 1933 to 1973), epoch of stability in Afghanistan • In 1973, prime ministerDaoud Khan coup d´etat and became the first President of Afganistan. • In 1978SaurRevolution, the communist party seized power in Afghanistan • In 1978 uprising in eastern Afghanistan that expanded into a civil war waged by guerrillamajahideen against government forces.

  14. Afghanistan – historicaldeterminants • In 1979 Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under newgovernmentofBabrakKarmal • 1979-1989 Soviets were directly involved in war in Afghanistan • 1989-1992 Civil war in Afghanistan after theSoviet Union withdrewfrom region • In 1992 the fall of Najibullah'smarxistgovernment • 1992-1996 secondphaseof Civil war in Afghanistan • 1994 theoriginsofTaliban • 1996 Taliban seized Kabul and established theislamicEmirateofAfghanistan • 1996-2001 thirdphaseof Civil war in Afghanistan

  15. Afghanistan - 1996

  16. Afghanistan – historicaldeterminants • On 9 September 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud was assassinated by two Al Qaeda members • After 11/9 2001 USA identified Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan as the perpetrators of the attacks • The Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden to USA a and to disband al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan • 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom

  17. OperationEnduringFreedom • On 9 September 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud was assassinated by two Al Qaedamembers • After 11/9 2001 USA identified Al-Qaeda based in Afghanistan as the perpetrators of the attacks • The Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden to USA a and to disband al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan • 2001 OperationEnduringFreedom • 2002 OperationAnaconda

  18. OperationEnduringFreedom • 2003-2005 RiseofInsurgency

  19. OperationEnduringFreedom • 2008 – application of new strategies COIN • after 2008 – more scope for authority for reconstruction teams and management of Afghani administration • After 2010 – accent on Afghanization of the conflict, which is passing on more responsibility for the security and stability of the region to the local powers • 2013/2014 - withdrawal of the allied forces from the region, transferring of responsibility to local level

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