CHAPTER 19 THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNIZATION: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM IN THE 19th C

1. CHAPTER 19THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNIZATION:INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM IN THE 19th C

2. Focus Question • What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the industrial revolution? • What effects did the new system have on urban life, social classes, family life and standards of living?

3. The Beginnings of Modernization • Industrial production. • Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy • Newmachines. • new ways of organizing human labor • factories replaced workshops and home workrooms • Shift from agriculture & handicraft based economy to manufacturing

4. Impact of Industrialization • Migration from rural living into urban centers • Creation of wealthy industrial middle class • Huge working industrial class • Altered how people related to nature • Created an environmental crisis that in the 20th C was finally recognized as a danger to human existence

5. Industrial Revolution: Factors • Factors that contributed to Great Britain’s Industrial revolution, 1750 • Food Supply & population boom • Improvements in agricultural practices/production • Labor supply • pool of surplus (exploitable) labor • Capital investment • ready supply of capital to invest in machines and factories • Profits gained from trade and the cottage industry • Effective central bank • Well developed flexible credit facilities • Values and Ideology • Profit motive by individuals

6. Industrial Revolution: Factors • Ample supply of mineral resources: • coal and iron ore needed in the manufacturing process • Government support • Parliament contributed to the favorable business climate • passed laws that protected private property • Wealth and markets generated from colonies or Common Wealth • British exports quadrupled between 1660 and 1760

7. The Steam Engine, Steve Watt (1760) Technological advances transformed industries & Ushered in factory system © Oxford Science Archive/HIP/Art Resource, NY

8. Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester © Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images

9. The Industrial Factory • The Factory created a new labor system • Laborers worked regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady rate • Created a system of work discipline • Employees became accustomed to working regular hours and overtime • work load increased compared to their rural agricultural life style

10. British Cotton Factory, 1851 new system of discipline that forced them to work regular hours under close supervision. © CORBIS

11. The Spread of Industrialization: on the Continent • IN 1815 Belgium, France and German States were still largely agrarian. • Obstacles to Industrialization • lack of good roads • problems with river transit • customs barriers along state boundaries increased in costs and prices of goods • lack of technical knowledge • Borrowed British techniques and practices • Gradually the continent achieved technological independence as local people learned all the skills their British teachers had to offer

12. The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

13. The Spread of IndustrializationUnited States 1815-1860

14. Focus Questions • What marked the increasing industrialization in the United States economy between 1815 – 1860? • How and why did inequalities increase among the rich, the middle class and the working class?

15. Identifications • Transportation, Market & Industrial Revolutions • Immigration and Scapegoat • Status of artisan • Rhode Island and Waltham System • Cult of Domesticity • Purity Crusade • Universal White Male suffrage • 2nd Great Awakening

16. American Demography • 1800 America • 6 of 7 workers were farmers • No city exceeded 100,000 people • 1860 America • Population sextupled to 30 million people • 9 cities exceeded 100,000 people • 50% of American workers were farmers

17. Changes that allowed for the Industrial Revolution • Transportation Revolution • Improvements in transportation made that transformation possible • Federal, state and corporate investments in transportation improvements • Roads, Canals, Railroads • Market Revolution • Transition from domestic markets to for distant markets • Industrial Revolution • Domestic hand labor to machine and factory output • Immigration • Cheap and exploitable labor

18. Immigration • Political turmoil and Famine brought Massive immigration • Irish Potato Famine 1845-1846 • 2.5 Million (30% of Ireland’s population) • German immigration 1840-60 • 4.2 Million • Provided Cheap/Exploitable Labor • Used to scapegoat political, economic & social issues

19. “The Bog Trotters”

20. The Poor House from Galway “The Irish fill our prisons, our poor houses, scratch a convict or a pauper, and the chances are that you tickle the skin of an Irish Catholic. Putting them on a boat and sending them home would end crime in this country”

21. The Great Fear of the PeriodThat Uncle Sam is Swallowed by Foreigners The Problem Solved

22. Thomas Nast Cartoon, 1870Expresses the worry that the Irish Catholics threatened American Freedom

23. Early Industry • The northeast led Americans industrial revolution • Household and small workshop production • Putting-out system • Local merchants furnished or put out raw materials to rural households and paid at a piece rate for the labor that converted those raw materials into manufacture products. The supplying merchant then marketed and sold these goods.

24. Artisan Status • Status of Artisan: • Owned tools of production • Owned shops • Managed time and produce • skilled workers • Independence • prestige

25. Shoe Makers

26. Industrial Espionage • Slater’s Rhode Island System • Water powered spinning machine • Richard Arkwright -1769 (inventor) • Samuel Slater - 1790 Imported the plans to Patuxet, Rhode Island • The Rhode Island System • The countryside factory towns • Labor of Farmer’s daughters • Mill Villages

27. Waltham System • Lowell’s Waltham System • Machines that turned raw cotton into finished cloth • Francis Cabot Lowell Toured factories in England in 1811 • Boston Associates Co. 1813 • Fully mechanized • By the 1830s - Unskilled, female labor

28. Mill Girl

29. Middlesex Company Woolen Mills 1848

30. Urban Industry • Industrial Revolution and the Widening gap between the rich and the poor • By 1835 cities were serving commercial agriculture and factory towns that produced for largely rural domestic market. • Creation of the Urban working class • In the cities there was little concern for creating a classless industrial society.

31. Stratification of Class Hierarchy • The richest men • importers and exporters and took control of banks and insurance companies and made great fortunes in urban real estate • Growing middle class • Commercial Class • Wholesale and retail merchants, • lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, bookkeepers and accountants • clerks on the bottom creating a white-collar class to cater to the new emerging consumer society.

32. Middle Class Ideal • Consumer goods • Symbols of their middle class status • Notions of gentility • distinction between manual and non manual work

33. “The Hands” • Producers of consumer goods • The “hands” • Growth in Demand • Growth in Working class • Shoemaking, tailoring and the building trade were divided into skilled and semiskilled segments and farmed out to subcontractors who could turn a profit by cutting labor costs

34. Rising Standard of Living • After 1815 • per capita income doubled • living standards rose • Houses: larger, better furnished, heated. • Food: more plentiful and varied • The cost: • Half of all adult white males without land • wealth had become more concentrated. • In 1800 the richest 10 percent of Americans owned 40-50% of the national wealth, by the 1850s they owned 70%. In the cities they owned over 80%.

35. Evangelical Crusades • Early 19th C ministers bolstered doctrine of separate spheres • Clerical endorsement of female moral superiority in exchange for women’s activism • Decline of clerical authority in society • Opposed forces that seemed to act against women’s interests • Materialism • Intemperance • Licentiousness

36. Redefinition of female character • Appropriate to elevated status • Home idealized as bastion of feminine values • Piety, morality, affection, self-sacrifice • Iconography of Motherhood • Elevated importance & significance of the home

37. Cult of Domesticity Seperation of “work” and “home” Biological difference A construct thatdetermined separate social roles for men and women. • Men: • strong, aggressive and ambitious, intelligent • Place in business and politics. • Women: • Kind, pure, emotional, moral • Place to preserve religion and morality in the home and family

38. Purity Crusade • Traditionally: both men and women wee sexual beings, women weaker willed, lustful and licentious and insatiable • Purity Crusade: women lacked sexual feeling, lust and carnality became a part of men’s sphere • Etiquette manuals counseled to deter male advances

39. Professional Medicine & Women’s Sexuality • Women were Asexual beings • Defined by their sex & sexual roles, yet did not desire it • Dr Alcott, “Women, as is well known, in a natural state…seldom if ever makes any of those advances, which clearly indicates sexual desire and for this very plain reason, she does not feel them.” • Only “low” women suffered from the indignity of sexual desire • Long periods of abstinence proper • Masturbation damaged future offspring, and caused “mania” and “idiocy” on the guilty party

40. Lowered Standard of Living • First Slums appeared in the mid 1800s • Huge influx of immigrants and creation of exploitable labor force • Overcrowded Housing • Contaminated water supplies • Lack of Sewage • Disease and high mortality rates • Cholera and Typhus

41. Five Points District

42. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Rest of the World • Deliberate policy of preventing the growth of mechanized industry. • India : one of the worlds greatest exporters of cotton cloth produced by hand labor. • under the control of the British East Indian Company. • British textiles displaced thousands of Indian Spinners and handloom weavers

43. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution • Population Growth and Urbanization • Rapid population growth • 1850 European population 266 million • Rapid urbanization • 50% of British population lived in cities • Miserable living conditions • Tenement housing, 5 or 6 to a bed • Lack of sewage or sanitation • Coal blackened towns and cities • Deaths outnumbered births

44. Social Impact: Industrial Middle Class • People who constructed factories, purchased machines, established markets • Profit incentive • Value in the accumulation of surplus of wealth • Sought to reduce disparity between themselves and the landed elite • Separate themselves from the laboring classes below them

45. Industrial Working Class • Proletariat – the factory workers and majority of the working class • Wretched working conditions • 12 – 16 hour work week/ 6 days a week • ½ hour for lunch and dinner • No job security • No minimum wage • Hot, dirty, dusty and unhealthy conditions

46. Women and Children in the Mines Men dug coal, while women and children hauled coal carts on rails to the lift Cave –ins, explosions, gas fumes Cramped tunnels, 4 ft high Ruined lungs and overall health © SSPL/The Image Works

47. Women and Children in the Mines Child Labor: exploited in textile mills and coals mines Paid 1/6 to 1/3 the wage of a man Women paid half that of a man or les © SSPL/The Image Works

48. Socialism • Early 1800’s conditions of the slums, mines and factories • gave rise to social movements that demanded an improvement in workers conditions • Early Socialism (Utopian Socialists) • product of intellectuals who believed in the equity of all people • Wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry

49. Utopian Socialist • Robert Owen, A British Cotton Manufacturer • believed that humans would show their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. • New Lanark, Scotland, he transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing healthy community • New Harmony, Indiana, USA (1820s) , failed

50. Trade Unions • An organized movement for change • Goals • to improve working conditions • Gain decent wages • Associations were formed by skilled workers • Some conducted strikes to win gains for workers • Iron works • Coal miners