THE LURE OF IMPERIALISM

1. Chapter 7 THE LURE OF IMPERIALISM

2. IMPERIALISM Defined: the extension of a nation’s power over other lands “Quest for Empire” – Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany Also, the United States became involved

3. Reasons for Imperialism Economic Interests: markets & materials Military Needs: naval bases & coaling stations Ideology: Christianity & culture “nationalism” and “cultural superiority” Social Darwinism - Religion

4. US Expansionism “Manifest Destiny” – the belief that all land east to west (Pacific Ocean) belonged to the US The appeal went even beyond our shores QUESTION: What territories today belong to the United States?

5. US TERRITORIES TODAY Midway Islands , 1867 Puerto Rico (San Juan), 1898 American Samoa (Pago Pago), 1899 Virgin Islands (Charlotte Amalie), 1927 Federated States of Micronesia (Pohnpei ), 1947; [gained independence 1986- currently in Free Association with the United States] Marshall Islands (Majuro), 1947 [gained independence in 1990 - currently in Free Association with the United States] Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), 1947 Guam (Agana), 1950

6. So, U.S. attracted to IMPERIALISM…

7. HAWAII Britain: visited by Captain James Cook, 1778 Monarchy established by Kamehameha late 1800’s – later overthrown by American business leaders Sanford B. Dole made President – Hawaii under U.S. protection

8. HAWAII President William McKinley pushed Congress – voted for Hawaii’s annexation 1898 By 1901, James Dole began growing pineapples – by 1930’s DOLE supplied 90% of the world’s canned pineapple

9. Hawaii (became a state 1950)

10. CHINA By late 1800’s many nations had carved out spheres of influence in China (for trade & economic benefit). Sec. of States John Hay proposed the OPEN DOOR POLICY in 1899 (to give all nations equal trade rights in China)

11. CHINA In China, anti-foreigner sentiments grew – secret group “Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists” (known as “BOXERS”) began attacking foreign missionaries June 1900 Boxers laid siege to capital city of BEIJING – “Boxer Rebellion” Western nations rushed 20,000 troops to China – rebellion crushed September 1901

12. JAPAN U.S. had been pressuring Japan to open its ports to trade – did so in 1854, and Japan began rapid modernization 1895 Japan seized Taiwan from China 1904 Russo-Japanese War – Pres. Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate peace treaty and won Nobel Peace Prize

13. JAPAN (continued) Japan clear victor in war with Russia, and emerged as a major power Japan “hungry” for territory TR decided to “impress” Japan with how powerful U.S. Navy was, and sent four squadrons of battleships – “Great White Fleet” – around the world

14. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR By 1890’s Spain had lost all colonies in Western Hemisphere except Cuba & Puerto Rico Cubans revolted against Spain February 1895 – Spain sent army to suppress rebels, and many Cubans were mistreated American’s sympathetic to Cuban cause!

15. Spanish-American War Many Americans thought Cuba’s struggle similar to American Revolution New York Journal (William Randolph Hearst) and New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) “played up” the struggle of Cubans Sensationalism: “Yellow Journalism”

16. Spanish-American War Hearst strongly felt U.S. should intervene in Cuba, and Journal continued “drumbeat for war” Pres. William McKinley reluctant to involve U.S., but… -deLome letter published (ridiculing McKinley) Feb. 9, 1898 -Feb. 15, 1898 USS Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 sailors

17. Spanish-American War “REMEMBER THE MAINE” became a rallying cry for war supporters March 1898 McKinley demanded Spain grant Cuba independence – Spain refused April 25, 1898 congress declared state of war with Spain

18. Spanish-American War Lasted only about 4 months – but impact would be felt for years WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES Assistant Sec. of War Theodore Roosevelt sent secret orders to Commodore George Dewey to attack Spain if war broke out – May 1, 1898 firing broke out – entire Spanish fleet destroyed – Spanish surrendered August 14

19. Spanish-American War WAR IN CUBA Teller Amendment: adopted by Congress – said when Cuba free of Spanish rule, it would control itself American soldiers fought in Cuba in difficult circumstances Most famous: “Rough Riders” led by TR

20. Spanish-American War American strategy: capture city of Santiago Had to capture hill around the city: Battle of San Juan Hill July 3: U.S. Navy sank entire Spanish fleet off coast of Cuba in Battle of Santiago – 2 weeks later, Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered

21. Consequences of Spanish-American War Terms of peace costly for Spain: -give up claims to Cuba -cede Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S. -give over control of Philippines to U.S. Cost to United States -some $250 million -2,000 solider died (of yellow fever)

22. Result of Spanish-American War John Hay, Ambassador to Great Britain: “It has been a splendid little war; begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave.” U.S. moved into ranks of IMPERIALIST NATIONS – division of sentiment…

23. Annexing the Philippines After Spanish-American War, controversy in U.S. over whether to annex Philippines FOR: -U.S. had duty to spread values overseas -wanted for economic & strategic value AGAINST -violate the ideal of self-government -exporting oppression & invite immigration

24. The Outcome: Senate approved treaty annexing Philippines Feb. 6, 1899 Filipino nationalists infuriated – fighting broke out, but U.S. put down rebellion by 1901 Finally, July4, 1946, U.S. granted full independence to Philippines