The Height of Imperialism

1. The Height of Imperialism Chapter 21

2. Agenda • Social Contract • Complete Study Guides • Complete Map Activity : Imperialism Around the World • Review last 30 minutes of block

3. Warm Up • For what reason(s) would a nation want a colonial empire?

4. The New Imperialism • Unprecedented period of Western expansion into Asia and Africa. • Imperialism - The extension of a nation’s power over other lands. • Why? • Economic Gain • Direct control over raw materials for industrial growth • National Prestige • Social Darwinism and Racism • Cultural superiority - “The White Man’s Burden” • Colonial Administration was either direct or indirect • Indirect Rule • Local rulers maintained positions with guidance. • Used local elites as administrators • Convenient, cost effective • Direct Rule • Local power base removed and replace with Europeans • Protectorate/Annexation

5. Colonial Take Over in South East Asia • Seen as stepping point for trade with China • Great Britain • First Western power to take over SE Asia • Singapore, 1819 – major port • Burma – complete monarchy collapse • France • Initially a small missionary presence • Vietnam, Saigon – 1857/Hanoi - 1884 • By 1887, Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, Laos – merged into Union of French Indochina • United States • Com. George Dewey defeated Spanish in 1898 in Manila Bay and occupied the Philippines • Filipinos helped the US, thinking they were fighting for independence – US establishes colony instead, “protect” them from Japan • Emilio Aguinaldo – lead revolts, first against Spanish, then US, unsuccessful • Philippines remained in US hands until 1947

6. Siam (Thailand) – The Exception • Only remaining free state in South East Asia • Kings Mongkut and Chulalongkorn implemented westernization policies to prevent European intervention • 1896 - Buffer state between British & French

7. Colonial Economics • Colonial powers did not want colonial possessions to develop home industries • Colony policy only stressed raw material collection • Teak, rubber, tin, spices, tea, coffee, sugar • Plantation economy developed • Workers paid very little, if anything • Did modernize economy • Introduced money systems, banking, specialized labor • Very little money used to improve conditions in colonies – most money went back to Europe/investor

8. WARM UP: The cartoon below was printed in Harpers Weekly, after England annexed India in 1876. • What does the tiger represent? • What is the overall message of the cartoon?

9. India – the Jewel In the Crown • India had never been a unified nation – susceptible to frequent invasion • British power in India increased over the 18th century • Won exclusive trade rights in the 7YW • Crown granted a royal charter to the British East India Company • Could print own money, maintain their own army/fleet • Major cash products • Opium • Tea • Coffee • Cotton • Huge labor supply • Very little resistance – caste system • Moved to other parts of the empire – “coolies”

10. 1857 – The Great Sepoy Mutiny • “First War of Independence” • Sepoys – locally hired Indian BEIC soldiers • Cause – Rumor that bullets greased with cow & pig fats • Sepoys in Delhi refused to load their weapons, arrested –riots broke out in protest, 50 Europeans killed • Brutal fighting for about a year, but Indians unsuccessful • Even though Indians outnumber British, unorganized • Hindus and Muslims would not work together • British fear BEIC is losing control – its powers transferred to Parliament, 1876

11. British Rule in India • Viceroy • Head of Indian government • Appointed by Queen • British Civil Service – 3,500 ruled about 300 million. • Pros • Political Stability • Honest government • Education for upper caste Indians – high cultural revival • Infrastructure (railroads, telegraph lines, postal service) • Cons • Economic: Industry removed, reduced to large plantation • Increasing rural poverty; tax codes abused by (zamindars) local officials • Frequent food shortages (encouraged to grow cotton) • Cultural disrespect and ethnic degradation; no assimilation

12. British Family with Servants

13. Analyze this cartoon. What is it trying to say? WARM UP

14. The Indian Nationalist Movement Begins • Started by urban, upper class, English educated Indians • Trained in law and civil service • At first, reform instead of revolution • 1885 - Indian National Congress • Wanted share in government • Religious division caused problems, each group looking out for themselves • 1915 - Mohandas Gandhi joins INC • Educated in England, lawyer • Advocated “Non-violence”

15. Africa: An Overview • Before 1880 Europeans controlled little of Africa • By 1900, almost all of Africa was under European control • Slave trade extinguished by abolishment of slavery.

16. Trends • Heavy handed, militaristic rule • British still favor indirect rule • Sowed hatred among social classes and tribes – turned them against each other • Maintained separate cultures • French, Belgians, etc favored direct rule • Wanted to assimilate Africans, not preserve their culture

17. Western Africa • Oldest European settlements – former slave trade posts, but slavery declined by 1800 • Europeans traded goods with Africans for salt, peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. • Great Britain, France, Germany and Spain competed for colonial possession of the region. • Great Britain annexed “Gold Coast” (present day Ghana) in 1874. • French would eventually control half of the Sahara

18. British North Africa • Egypt • Muhammad Ali’s Revolt, independence from the Ottoman Empire, 1805 • Developed industry, caught attention of British • The Suez Canal • Connected Mediterranean and Red Sea, 1869 • Initially a joint venture between Britain and Egypt – provided a quick and direct route to India • 1875, Britain buys Egypt’s share, declares Egypt a protectorate in 1914. • The Sudan • Seized by the British 1898 after 17 years of conflict with Sudanese nationalists • Control entire Nile River Valley

20. What can we see in this photo that represents imperialism economically, socially, or politically? Is there only one perspective?``

21. Ethiopia • Independent nation dating back to 2nd Century AD. • Christian kingdom – strong monarchy, wealthy trade connections to Middle East • Italy attempts to invade in 1896, but they are defeated by the Ethiopians. • Ethiopia will be one of the only two states to remain independent in the 19th century.

22. “Belgians in the Congo…” • Adventurer Henry Stanley was sent to locate missing doctor David Livingstone – discovers wealth of the Congo (rubber) • King Leopold II of Belgium • Colonized the Congo • Paid Stanley to set up colony • Belgium occupation hands down worst of the Europeans • Horrific treatment of Africans • “Heart of Darkness”, Joseph Conrad

24. The East Coast • British continued to push down Nile Valley, seizing Uganda and Kenya • Italians take over Somalia • French settle Madagascar • Portuguese maintain control of Mozambique despite pressures from British and Germans

25. South Africa • Largest concentrated presence of white Europeans • British enter, upsets the Boers • Original settlers of Cape Town; Dutch decent • Both in constant conflict with the Zulu • Cecil Rhodes • Industrialist, pushed British expansion into Zimbabwe, Botswana • Boer War, 1899-1902 • British victory • Union of South Africa created, 1910 • Only whites could vote - Apartheid

26. Zulu Warriors

27. African Nationalism • Only two African nations remained independent of European control • Ethiopia • Liberia • Assimilation versus appreciation • Most European nations wanted to assimilate Africans into their cultures, encouraging them to abandon their tradition African ones. • Growing unrest among rural poor • Emerging middle class • Educated • Championing causes of the poor and oppressed

28. Resistance • Colonialism very unpopular, indigenous frequently revolted • Ruling Class – angered at loss of power • Rural Revolts – worked by Europeans, suffered most • New Middle Classes – using Liberalism against the whites • Foundations for Nationalism Movements

29. Positive Aspects of Imperialism • Political Stability in unstable areas • Western learning and society shared • Modern economic systems • Build infrastructure to assist in collection of resources – but public could benefit also • Bridges • Roads • Railroads

30. Warm Up – Nov 7 • Is imperialism bad or good? Explain.

31. Nation Building In Latin America Section 4

32. Climate for Revolt in Latin America • Revolutionary ideas from the United States moved South • Developing Social Classes • Peninsulares – Spanish and Portuguese nationals who lived temporarily in Latin America for political or economic gain • Creoles – Permanent residents • Mestizo • Spain and Portugal weakened by Napoleon’s conquests

33. Haiti • First independence movement in Latin America • Saint Domingue • French Colony • Hispaniola • Slave revolt • Francois-Dominque Toussaint Louverture • 1804, Republic of Haiti

34. Mexico • Miguel Hidalgo • Priest • Rallied Native Americans and Mestizos • September 16, 1810: Mob attacks Spanish • Agustin Iturbide • Independence, 1821 • Declared himself emperor

35. “The Liberators of South America” • Simon Bolivar • 1810, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador • Jose de San Martin • 1810, Argentina • 1817, Chile • 1824, Peru

36. Independence and Recognition • Brazil independence established in 1822 • By 1824 all of South America independent. • 1838 – All of Central America independent • European Response • Concert of Europe wanted to intervene, but Britain disagreed • American Response • Monroe Doctrine of 1823 • Guarantee American support of new Latin American Republics and forbade European intervention or re-colonization attempts

37. Troubles Facing the New Republics • Losses during independence wars • Border disputes • Poor infrastructure • Caudillos • Economy based on exports • Imperialism: United States and Great Britain • Social Inequality • Spanish-American War, 1898 • Cuba, protectorate; Puerto Rico annexed