920 likes | 1.16k Views
The two unhybridized 2p orbitals can overlap to form a pi-bond between the carbon atoms. pi-bond : ( π -bond ) A pi-bond has the electron density concentrated in two separate regions that lie on opposite sides of the imaginary line connecting the two nuclei.
E N D
The two unhybridized 2p orbitals can overlap to form a pi-bond between the carbon atoms. pi-bond: (π-bond) A pi-bond has the electron density concentrated in two separate regions that lie on opposite sides of the imaginary line connecting the two nuclei.
C2H4 with a more realistic representation of the pi-overlap shown.
The double bond in C2H4 is represented as C C. Keep in mind that it is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond.
The double bond in C2H4 is represented as C C. Keep in mind that it is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond. The overall strength of the C Cbond is due to both the σ and π bonds.
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule.
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule. The hybridization scheme is as follows:
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule. The hybridization scheme is as follows: (ground state of carbon) 2s 2p
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule. The hybridization scheme is as follows: (ground state of carbon) 2s 2p (promotion of electron)
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule. The hybridization scheme is as follows: (ground state of carbon) 2s 2p (promotion of electron)
Acetylene, C2H2: This is a linear molecule. The hybridization scheme is as follows: (ground state of carbon) 2s 2p (promotion of electron) sp hybrid p orbitals
The two sp hybrids orbitals on each carbon atom are used to form a sigma bond with a hydrogen 1s orbital and another sigma bond with the other carbon atom.
The two sp hybrids orbitals on each carbon atom are used to form a sigma bond with a hydrogen 1s orbital and another sigma bond with the other carbon atom. The unhybridized p orbitals on each carbon atom form two pi-bonds.
Other hybrid orbitals To form more than 4 equivalent bonds, it is necessary to involve the d-orbitals.
hybridmixedorientationinspace orbitals ____________________________________ sp s+plinear ____________________________________
hybridmixedorientationinspace orbitals ____________________________________ sp s+plinear sp2s+p+ptrigonal planar ____________________________________
hybridmixedorientationinspace orbitals ____________________________________ sp s+plinear sp2s+p+ptrigonal planar sp3s+p+p+ptetrahedral ____________________________________
hybridmixedorientationinspace orbitals ____________________________________ sp s+plinear sp2s+p+ptrigonal planar sp3s+p+p+ptetrahedral sp3d s+p+p+p+dtrigonalbipyramid ____________________________________
hybridmixedorientationinspace orbitals ____________________________________ sp s+plinear sp2s+p+ptrigonal planar sp3s+p+p+ptetrahedral sp3d s+p+p+p+dtrigonalbipyramid sp3d2 s+p+p+p+d+d octahedral ____________________________________
Hybridization in molecules with lone pairs example, NH3:
Hybridization in molecules with lone pairs example, NH3: (ground state of N)
Hybridization in molecules with lone pairs example, NH3: (ground state of N) sp3
Hybridization in molecules with lone pairs example, NH3: (ground state of N) sp3 One of the sp3 hybrid orbitals contains a lone pair.
Hybridization in molecules with lone pairs example, NH3: (ground state of N) sp3 One of the sp3 hybrid orbitals contains a lone pair. The sp3 hybrid orbitals are directed towards the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.
Because of repulsion between the lone pair electrons and those in the bonding orbitals, the bond angle decreases from 109o28’to 107.3o.
A similar description using hybrid orbitals can be employed for H2O.
Conformations and Multiple Bonding In molecules involving single bonds, e.g.
Conformations and Multiple Bonding In molecules involving single bonds, e.g. ethane
Conformations and Multiple Bonding In molecules involving single bonds, e.g. ethane
Conformations and Multiple Bonding In molecules involving single bonds, e.g. ethane The overlap of the orbitals for the C Cbond is hardly affected at all if one portion of the molecule rotates relative to the other about the bond axis.
Such rotation is said to occur freely – called free rotation because the energy cost is approximately zero.
Such rotation is said to occur freely – called free rotation because the energy cost is approximately zero. Free rotation permits different possible relative orientations of the atoms in the molecule.
Such rotation is said to occur freely – called free rotation because the energy cost is approximately zero. Free rotation permits different possible relative orientations of the atoms in the molecule. The different relative orientations are called conformations.