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Where do we start? Create the Universe Form the Earth and elements

Where do we start? Create the Universe Form the Earth and elements move the elements into their correct positions build the atmosphere and oceans. The Universe was created 15 billion years ago in one BIG BANG ...... How do we know? Start with the atom. The BIG BANG. ENERGY. Nucleus. }.

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Where do we start? Create the Universe Form the Earth and elements

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  1. Where do we start? Create the Universe Form the Earth and elements move the elements into their correct positions build the atmosphere and oceans

  2. The Universe was created 15 billion years ago in one BIG BANG ...... How do we know? Start with the atom The BIG BANG

  3. ENERGY Nucleus

  4. } ENERGY E = hv Nucleus

  5. Every element has a characteristic absorption spectra - (ICP) Wavelength 700 nm 400 nm Elemental Absorption

  6. Spectrum of the Sun http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014334A.gif

  7. From the magnitude of the shift we can calculate the speed of the star. The more distant stars are moving the fastest. From distance and velocity information -> TIME 15 billion years! 700 nm Wavelength 400 nm

  8. At the Start BANG Protons and electrons Big Blob of Neutrons (N) 12 Minutes

  9. Now we are COOKING ........... Fusion produces heat E = mc2 1 gram of hydrogen will produce 6.3x1011 j of heat. Enough heat to boil 2 million liters of H2O Compare this to our terrestrial energy consumption.

  10. C

  11. This process stops at iron-56

  12. Supernovae Second Generation Star Elements H-1 through Fe-56 H through Fe and n Explosion

  13. Supernovae Second Generation Star Elements H-1 through Fe-56 H through Fe and n Explosion

  14. Beta Decay 8 e- 14N 7 Proton Number 14C 6 5 6 7 8 9 Neutron Number

  15. Electron Capture 20 e- 40K 19 Proton Number 40Ar 18 17 20 21 22 23 Neutron Number

  16. Alpha Decay 147 238U 146 Proton Number 145 4He 234Th 144 143 89 90 91 92 93 Neutron Number

  17. Big Bang Nuclear “Cooking” - Fusion Neutron Capture What is the end result? Review of Element Formation

  18. What about the Earth?

  19. Where did all the other elements go? H, He, C, N?? They got BLOWN AWAY This leaves just Si, Mg, Fe, and O Another look at the earth on a linear scale.

  20. .....and just for fun

  21. The earth started as a hot molten blob of metal and oxygen As the blob cooled, density differences of the original components drove an elemental segregation. Metallic iron - The Earth’s core Mg, Fe, and Si oxides - The crust How do we know? We know from earthquake seismology Formation of the Earth

  22. A Slice of the Earth Inner Core Outer Core Mantle

  23. earthquakes travel as shear waves or compressional waves A Slice of the Earth Inner Core 2900 km Outer Core Mantle

  24. shear waves only pass through SOLIDS (mantle) So we have a “liquid” iron core. This has important implications for other elements Ni, S, Au, Pt, Ag, Pb dissolve in the liquid iron What is left is Mg, Si oxide mantle. The mantle is not really solid, but really a “putty” that is kept warm by the radioactive decay of 40K, 235U, 238U, and 232Th. The heating of the mantle drives convection cells.

  25. The mantle melt cycle (subduction/formation) enriches the crust further in Si, Na, K, Ca, and Al Crust • Lower Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core

  26. The Earth is about 0.5% water. Where did it come from? The source of water in the early Earth is poorly understood ...we are lucky that it arrived. The gravitational attraction of the Earth retained almost all of the water. Surface water puts important constraints on global temperature! 0 <--> 100 oC. What about the Oceans and the Atmosphere?

  27. CO2 is controlled by a global scale feedback loop with a time scale of >10,000 years Consider the following reactions: Controls on CO2

  28. CO2 is controlled by a global scale feedback loop with a time scale of >10,000 years Consider the following reactions: Controls on CO2 Generic Weathering Reaction Generic Precipitation Reactions Generic Mantle Reactions

  29. Atmosphere Oceanic Crust Continental Crust

  30. Lets work with units CO2 (g) 0.0365 %, This is a mixing ratio O2 20.95% N2 78.08% Ar 0.93% PV= nRT, average mass gas 28.96 g/mol %, 00/0, ppm, ppb

  31. Pressure Atmospheric Pressure is a force per unit area: N/m2 P0 = (Weight of atmosphere (N))/4(p)r2 r = 6.37x106 m P0 = 101325 Pa Ph = Po e -Mgh/RT M = 0.029 kg/mol R = 8.314 J/mol K g = 9.81 m/s2 Scale height 5-6 km

  32. Unit Conversion

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