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Chapter 18: America Claims an Empire

Chapter 18: America Claims an Empire. Section 1: Imperialism and America Section 2: The Spanish-American-Cuban War Section 3: Acquiring New Lands Section 4: America as a World Power. Section 1: Imperialism & America. Objectives

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Chapter 18: America Claims an Empire

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  1. Chapter 18: America Claims an Empire • Section 1: Imperialism and America • Section 2: The Spanish-American-Cuban War • Section 3: Acquiring New Lands • Section 4: America as a World Power

  2. Section 1: Imperialism & America Objectives • To summarize the causes & effects of European and Asian imperialism • To identify factors that influenced American imperialism • To explain how the United States acquired Hawaii

  3. Global Imperialism: Europe • Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories • By the 19th century Africa was a prime target for European expansion or imperialism • Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Portugal & Spain had divided Africa up into European colonies • Great Britain also established colonies in Asia & the Pacific • From 1837-1901, Britain had built an empire that included a quarter of the world’s land and people

  4. Global Imperialism: Asia • Japan replaced its feudal order with a central government modeled after Western nations • Joined European nations in their imperialist competition in China during the 1800s

  5. American Imperialism Three factors fueled the new American imperialism: • Economic competition among industrial nations • Political & military competition, including the creation of a strong naval force • A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons (the people of England & their descendants)

  6. Economic Competition • Needed new markets for its manufactured goods • Advances in technology enabled American farm & factories to produce more than we could consume • Needed raw materials from other countries for factories • Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to overproduction, unemployment & economic depression

  7. Desire For Military Strength • U.S. wanted to establish a global military presence • Alfred T. Mahan, President of the Naval War College, argued for a strong U.S. navy to defend the peacetime shipping lanes essential to American economic growth • He suggested we build a modern fleet, establish naval bases in the Caribbean, construct a canal in Panama & acquire Hawaii & other Pacific islands • U.S. built 9 steel hulled ships and battleships – transformed the U.S. into the world’s 3rd largest naval power

  8. Anglo-Saxon Superiority • Some American believed that the notion of ethnic superiority justified imperialism • Combined the thinking of Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest • They said it was the U.S.’s responsibility to spread Christianity & civilization to the world’s inferior people

  9. Anti-Imperialism • Some saw imperialism as a threat to the Anglo-Saxon heritage • Objected to U.S. imperialism on moral and practical grounds – should not dominate other countries • Costs of maintaining a military force large enough to protect U.S. positions abroad were too expensive

  10. Spanish-Cuban-American War • Cuban rebels started a violent revolution against Spanish rule in 1895. • These rebels were acting out, in part because of a depression caused by a decline in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba. • Rebel violence led to more repressive actions by the Spanish.

  11. Leaders • Theodore Roosevelt • George Dewey • William Randolph Hearst • General Weyler “The Butcher” • Emilio Aguinaldo

  12. William McKinley, Jr. 1843-1901 • 25th President • Wanted to avoid war in Cuba • Yellow journalism and public supported war • In April 1898, President McKinley abandoned his failed diplomatic efforts and asked Congress for permission to intervene in Cuba.

  13. Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy. • “I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one” • First Volunteer Cavalry, nicknamed the "Rough Riders)

  14. Commodore George Dewey • May 1, 1899— Commodore Dewey and his Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay • During and after the war, George Dewey became one of the war's most celebrated heroes

  15. William Randolph Hearst • Newspaper publisher and leading example of yellow journalism • New York Journal started a public hysteria for war with Spain by publishing incendiary articles and illustrations • Hearst once said "You provide the pictures and I'll provide the war."

  16. General Weyler “The Butcher” • In 1896, the Spanish sent "The Butcher," to Cuba • To prevent the insurrects(Filipino Nationalists) from fighting • Weyler built concentration camps in which he imprisoned a large portion of the population • Under the harsh and unsanitary conditions in the concentration camps, • Cuban prisoners died rapidly, especially from disease

  17. Emilio Aguinaldo • The Philippines' revolutionary leader • Fought first against Spanish imperialism • After the end of the Spanish- American War, fought against American

  18. Events-Timeline • 1895: Cuban nationalists revolt against Spanish rule • 1896: Spanish General Weyler (the "Butcher") comes to Cuba. • 1897: Spain recalls Weyler • Early 1898: USS Maine sent to Cuba • February 9, 1898: Hearst publishes Dupuy de Lome's letter insulting McKinley.

  19. Events-Timeline • February 15, 1898: Sinking of the USS Maine • February 25, 1898: Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt cables Commodore Dewey with plan: attack the Philippines if war with Spain breaks out • April 11, 1898: McKinley approves war with Spain • April 24, 1898: Spain declares war on the US • April 25, 1898: US declares war on Spain

  20. Events-Timeline • May 1, 1898: Battle of Manila Bay (Philippines) • May, 1898: July 1, 1898: San Juan Hill taken by "Rough Riders" • July 3, 1898: Battle of Santiago - Spain's Caribbean fleet destroyed. • July 7, 1898: Hawaii annexed • July 17, 1898: City of Santiago surrenders to General William Shafter • August 12, 1898: Spain signs armistice • August 13, 1898: US troops capture Manila

  21. Events-Timeline • December 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris signed - US annexes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines. • January 23, 1899: Philippines declares itself an independent republic - Led by Emilio Auginaldo, the self-declared Filipino government fights a guerilla war against the US that lasts longer than the Spanish-American War itself. • February 6, 1899: the Treaty of Paris passes in the Senate • 1900: Foraker Act - Some self-government allowed in Puerto Rico.

  22. Events-Timeline • March 1901: Emilio Auginaldo captured. • 1901: Platt Amendment-Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreement, allows two naval bases in Cuba and U.S can intervene when necessary • 1902: US withdraws from Cuba • 1917: Puerto Ricans given US citizenship Foxborough History Department

  23. Yellow Journalism • In the United States, newspaper accounts spread exaggerated tales of Spanish atrocities. • This sensationalist journalism, called “yellow journalism,” played a pivotal role in the war. • At the time, William Randolph Hearst's New York American and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, were engaged in a fierce battle for circulation and they used yellow journalism to try to captivate audiences and sell more newspapers. • William Randolph Hearst believed that a war with Spain over Cuba would not only sell newspapers, but also make him a popular national figure.

  24. Propaganda • Hearst launched a propaganda offensive, the first in modern media history, which demonized Spain for its brutal suppression of the Cuban rebellion and fueled pro-war feeling. • American newspapers across the country agitated for the United States to intervene in Cuba’s struggle to gain independence from Spain. • At first President Cleveland resisted the rising public demand for intervention, but by early 1898 the pressure, then on his successor, President McKinley, was too great to be ignored.

  25. Newspaper Headlines: 22 Feb IllinoisStateJournal • "SMALL CHILDREN SHOT DOWN AND WOMEN TREATED AS IF THEY WERE NO BETTER THAN BRUTES" 24 Feb IllinoisStateJournal • "SENATE DECLARED THAT ONE THIRD OF CUBANS HAVE PERISHED UNDER SPANISH CRUELTY" 25 March IllinoisStateRegister • "CUBA MUST BE FREE"

  26. U.S.S. Maine • In January 1898, the US decided to send in the warship USS Maine to Havana, Cuba to protect US interests and to demonstrate an American presence in the Caribbean.

  27. War with Spain • The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor in 1898 caused the death of about 266 men including 22 African American sailors. • “Yellow journalism” fueled American anger and editor Hearst continued to push that the US had a perfect pretext for war. • Although President William McKinley opposed growing public demand for war, the American cry of the hour became, “Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain!”

  28. “A splendid little war.” • Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to withdraw from Cuba and recognize the island’s independence. • By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to use the armed forces to expel the Spanish from Cuba. • For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, “a splendid little war.”

  29. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines • American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards in Cuba. • They then turned against Spain's last island in the Caribbean, Puerto Rico. • Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American captain George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron, destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila in the Philippines.

  30. Peace Negotiations: • The U.S. went to war with Spain in April 1898 and the fighting was over by August of that year, when the US and Spain signed a preliminary peace treaty in Washington, D.C. • Negotiators then met in Paris in October to draw up an agreement, and the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10th.

  31. Treaty of Paris: • As a result of the Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its independence) and gave the US ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, and Guam. • Business interests in the US also demanded the acquisition of the entire Philippine archipelago in the hope that Manila would become a trading post. • McKinley forced the Spanish to “sell” the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000.

  32. Results • Although, rebels in the Philippines and Cuba had looked to the Americans as saviors, the U.S. victory only replaced one imperial power with another. • Months after the Spanish surrender, America was fighting its own colonial war against Filipino rebels. Intervention in Cuban affairs lasted until 1934 and left a residue of anti-Americanism.

  33. Puerto Rico Controls: • Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution. • The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.

  34. Yellow Journalism Activity • Screaming newspaper headlines about the situation in Cuba in the 1890s helped fan the flames of war by influencing public opinion in the United States • Research current headlines aimed at selling newspapers -- rather than telling honest stories --look at newsstands and in supermarket checkout lines • Research some of the headlines and stories published in the World and the Journal in the 1890s and compare these with the headlines found in modern tabloid papers • How are they similar and/or different? Are any stories more or less harmful than others? http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/journalism.html

  35. War is Over • War began April 11, 1898 • War was over August 12, 1898 • Lasted only 16 weeks • 300,000 Americans served • 5,400 lost their lives • 379 were in battle • The rest died from diseases

  36. Treaty of Paris of 1898 On December 10, 1898 the U.S. & Spain agreed: • Cuba would become independent • Spain would give Puerto Rico & the Pacific Island of Guam to the U.S. • The U.S. would pay Spain $20 million for the annexation of the Philippine Islands

  37. China & The Open Door Policy • U.S. wanted the Philippines as a gateway to Asia, particularly China • Potential market for American products • Investment opportunities for railroad construction • China was weakened by war and Europe & Japan had already demanded trading rights from China • Sphere of influence: regions in which countries had exclusive trading rights in China • Each nation’s merchants or missionaries lived within its sphere of influence where they were governened by their own laws rather than those of China • The U.S., under pressure from businessmen, wanted a “piece of the pie” & took action

  38. China & John Hay • A group of New York investors had formed a development company to promote American trade in China • America had no sphere of influence in China & could not form imperial powers out of China • John Hay proposed a plan to protect American trading rights • He sent notes (Open Door Notes) to Germany, France, Italy & Japan (they had spheres of influence in China) & asked them to allow the U.S. to have trading rights in China

  39. China & John Hay cont… • Those six nations complained among themselves & did not want to share the trading rights they had won through political & military war • They never responded back to John Hay • John Hay took this as an acceptance of his request • On March 20, 1900 he announced that the Open Door policy had become effective

  40. The Boxers Revolt • Chinese opposed the spread of the Western influence in their country • A secret society known as the “Boxers” revolted to drive out the “foreign devils” • The Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries & other foreigners as well as those Chinese who converted to Christianity • Troops from Britain, France, Germany, & Japan joined 2,500 American soldiers to shut down the Boxer rebellion

  41. John Hay & the 2nd Series of Open Door Notes • The 2nd series of Open Door Notes announces that the U.S. would: • safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the China Empire • This policy paved the way for greater American influence in Asia & was used not only to open foreign markets but to dominate them

  42. Open Door Policy cont… • It reflected three beliefs held by U.S. industrial capitalist: • The growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports • U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open • They feared the closing of an area to American products, citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival • These beliefs are the basis of American foreign policy at the turn of the century

  43. The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains • Most U.S. citizens supported McKinley and his pro imperialism views • U.S. enjoyed unprecedented economic prosperity • America spread their economic & political influences around the world • America became a world power

  44. Section 4: America as a World Power: Teddy Roosevelt • Teddy Roosevelt becomes President when McKinley is assassinated • He builds upon the Open Door Policy & wants to increase American influence in other countries • Mediated the Russian – Japan war and became a peacemaker. • Negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth (Japan gets back Manchuria & Korea from Russia) • Receives the Nobel Peace Prize because of the above

  45. Teddy Roosevelt cont… • Built up strong relations with Japan • 16 new battleships built under Roosevelt called the “Great White Fleet” • Started building the Panama Canal in Central America(provided a shortcut between the Pacific & Atlantic Ocean • Roosevelt said:, “Speak softly & carry a big stick, you’ll go far” - he used for the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Roosevelt Corollary: European powers must not intervene in Western affairs, however disorder in Latin America might force the U.S. to exercise the international policy power to protect U.S. economic interests

  46. Woodrow Wilson: Missionary Diplomacy • Missionary (moral)Diplomacy: The U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to U.S. interests • This policy pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments

  47. Mexican Revolution • Mexican (General Huerta) overthrew the Mexican government • Wilson stuck to his missionary diplomacy & would not recognize Mexico’s new government • American businessman had monetary interests in Mexico

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