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Chapter 15:Adaptive Immune Response

Chapter 15:Adaptive Immune Response. General Characteristics . Involves specialized WBC’s known as lymphocytes Response is highly specific, evolves throughout an organisms life-time Response generates memory

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Chapter 15:Adaptive Immune Response

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  1. Chapter 15:Adaptive Immune Response

  2. General Characteristics • Involves specialized WBC’s known as lymphocytes • Response is highly specific, evolves throughout an organisms life-time • Response generates memory • Can discriminate between HEALTHY self and non-self OR between HEALTHY self and DAMAGED self

  3. The Adaptive Immune Response • Primary response • Secondary response • Humoral immunity: • B cells, plasma cells, antibodies: target extracellular pathogens • Cell-mediated immunity • T cells, dendritic cells – antigen is inside a cell

  4. Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response

  5. Anatomy of the Lymphoid System • Lymphatic Vessels • Secondary lymphoid Organs • Primary Lymphoid Organs

  6. Lymphocytes are responsible for the specific immune response

  7. What promotes an immune response? • Antigens • Usually proteins or polysaccharides • Foreign substance with MW of 10,000 daltons • Examples of microbial antigens: bacterial capsules, cell walls, flagella, toxins of bacteria

  8. Antibodies bind antigens

  9. Some molecules are not recognized as antigens until bound to another

  10. How are antigens recognized? • Self markers also known as MHC markers • MHC (major histocompatibility complex) • MHC Class I-produced by all body cells • MHC Class II-produced by B cells, T cells, and antigen presenting cells

  11. Structure of an antibody

  12. 5 classes of antibodies IgM Produced 1st Complement activation Primary function = neutralize pathogens in the bloodstream 10 antigen binding sites

  13. 5 classes of antibodies IgG Longest half-life Small enough to cross endothelium bbb, some types of placenta Main antibody produced in 2° immune reactions

  14. 5 classes of antibodies IgA Monomeric & dimeric Dimer = secretoryIgA sIgA= most abundant Ab Secreted across mucosal surfaces in mucus & many other secretions (tears, saliva, milk) Binding → neutralize toxins, block viral and bacterial attachment

  15. 5 classes of antibodies IgE Bound to Fc region of mast cells and basophils Cross-linking of IgE by antigen → degranulation

  16. 5 classes of antibodies IgD Activation of basophils & mast cells Activation of B cells Highly conserved Functions minimally elucidated

  17. What can happen when antibody binds antigen?

  18. How are B cells activated?

  19. B cell activation by Helper T cell

  20. Primary and secondary response to antigen Memory B cells+ memory helper T cells: long lived (years) •Affinity maturation • Class switching IgM → IgG IgM → IgA

  21. Helper T cells help activate other immune cells

  22. T cells • Have own T cell receptor (TCR) • Do not make antibodies • Must recognize MHC markers which “present” antigen

  23. MHC markers

  24. Cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC Class I markers

  25. Helper T cells recognize MHC Class II

  26. Dendritic cells can activate T cells

  27. Cytotoxic T cells

  28. Cytotoxic T cells

  29. Cytotoxic T cells identify infected body cells

  30. Helper T cells activate macrophages

  31. Helper T cells activate B cells

  32. T cell-independent antigens

  33. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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