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Immune Response

Immune Response. Vocabulary. Immunology - the study of host defense mechanisms Immunity - ability of the host to protect itself against foreign organisms. Resistance to disease. Antigen (Ag)- is a foreign substance that can elicit specific immune response (IR) when is immunogenic

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Immune Response

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  1. Immune Response

  2. Vocabulary Immunology- the study of host defense mechanisms Immunity- ability of the host to protect itself against foreign organisms. Resistance to disease. Antigen (Ag)- is a foreign substance that can elicit specific immune response (IR) when is immunogenic Antibody (Ab)- protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances called antigens White blood cells (leukocytes)- chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms causing disease and fight infection when it occurs. They are bigger than red blood cells.

  3. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells (WBC)) • Protect the body against microorganisms, toxins, & tumor cells. • remove dead cells & debris from body • Complete cells with all organelles • Stained & further identified by • size • shape of the nucleus • presence/absence of granules • colors taken up by their granules

  4. Normal Blood Smear • WBCs account for less than 1% of blood’s volume

  5. White Blood Cells (WBC) • 5 Major types of WBC • Neutrophils • Eosonophils • Basophils • Lymphocytes (T and B Cells) • Monocytes • Divided into two categories • Granuolocytes and Agranuolocytes

  6. Granuolocytes • Neutrophils • are the most common WBC in peripheral blood. • Circulate in blood 7-10 hrs before migrating into tissue • Live only a few days (1-2 in tissue) • “front line of innate defense” • 1st WBCs to show up at an infection site • Increase in # used as an indicator of infection • Extravasate in inflammation rxn • Active phagocytes • Fungi

  7. Granuolocytes • Eosinophils • Defend the body in parasitic infections • Tapeworms, hookworms, pinworms • Function in phagocytosis • Account for less than 5% of WBC • Involved in allergies • Reduce or control inflammatory response by destroying histamine • Red bi-lobed nucleus with red granules

  8. Granuolocytes • Basophils • Least common WBC in blood • Non phagocytic • Smallest but loudest • Function as “sirens” for inflammation and allergy • Produce histamine (a vasodilator) and heparin (blood thinner) • Large, histamine containing granules that stain dark purple to blue

  9. Agranulocytes These WBC’s lack visible cytoplasmic granules Lymphocytes Monocytes

  10. Agranuolocytes • Lymphocytes • Cornerstone of the immune system • 2nd most abundant cells • Smallest of the WBCs • Help provide a specific response to attack the invading organisms • Are formed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body • Migrate to lymphatic organs to proliferate • Two types of lymphocytes • T cells and B cells, which differ in function and the molecules that are on their surface also differs

  11. Agranuolocytes • Lymphocytes • T cells • Circulate through the thymus gland and turn into cells known as thymocytes • More than 80% of lymphocytes circulating in the body are T cells • When exposed to antigens, they rapidly divide and produce large number of new T cells that are sensitive to that type of antigen • Destroy viral infected cells, as well as cancerous cells

  12. Agranuolocytes • T cells • Divided into 3 main groups

  13. Agranuolocytes • Lymphocytes • B cells • Circulate in the blood in an immature way • About 10% that circulate the blood are B cells • Produce proteins known as antibodies • Antibodies attach to foreign pathogens in the body known as antigens that are found on the surface of certain microorganisms • When B cells divide they produce an identical copies of antibodies on their surface

  14. Agranuolocytes • Monocytes • Largest WBC found in the blood • Play important role in the inflammatory response • Leave the blood stream (after 2-3 days) to become macrophages • As a monocyte or macrophage, these cells are phagocytic (engulfing) and defend the body against viruses and bacteria • Present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that pathogens may be recognized and killed • Increase in chronic infections

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