1 st Semester Exam Review Discovering Flight

1. 1st Semester Exam Review Discovering Flight

2. Flight in Ancient Times • Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years • Flight is the act of passing through the air on wings • People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children Chapter 1, Lesson 1

3. Armen Firman • A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly • He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain • He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down • But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death Chapter 1, Lesson 1

4. Armen Firman • His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute • A parachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point Chapter 1, Lesson 1

5. Chinese Kites • The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC • A kite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air • Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare Marco Polo! Chapter 1, Lesson 1

6. Chinese Gunpowder • In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder • Gunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns • 200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets Chapter 1, Lesson 1

7. Man in the Moon • There’s even a Chinese legend about a rocket trip into space • A legend is anunverified story handed down from earlier times Wan Hoo

8. Leonardo da Vinci • The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Chapter 1, Lesson 1

9. A Parachute andA Helicopter • Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter • A helicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades • Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter Chapter 1, Lesson 1

10. Sir Isaac Newton • The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) formulated three famous laws of motion Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Taken from wikipedia.com

11. Newtonian Lift • The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” • For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing • This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamiclift Chapter 1, Lesson 1

12. The Early Days of Flight

13. The Early Days of Flight Pages 14-25 • Team presentation evaluated against Rubric, possible 100 pts • PowerPoint, Presi, or butcher paper graphics • Presentation is to provide: • Proper timeframe • How individual got the idea for their invention or who they promoted it to • What they built (provide illustration, graphic, or picture) • Why significant to aviation (how contributes) • Any battles or wars that were significant

14. Montgolfier Brothers Alberto Santos Dumont Count von Zepplin Thaddeus Lowe Lt Col George Derby Sir George Cayley John Montgomery Otto Lilienthal John Stringfellow Samuel Langley

15. Principles of Balloon Flight • A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy • If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter than the air around it, it will float • Hot air takes care of the first challenge of flight—getting up into the air Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Courtesy of Clipart.com.

16. Dirigibles • The third problem of flight—control of the craft—was still a problem • That is, until inventors came up with the dirigible • A dirigibleis a steerable airship Chapter 1, Lesson 2

17. Dirigibles • The new dirigible airships had two things that helped pilots steer them • First, they had rudders • A rudderis a movable flap or blade attached to the rear of a craft • Second, the new airships had power sourcesthat drove propellers Chapter 1, Lesson 2

18. Count von Zeppelin • In July 1900 Count von Zeppelin, a German inventor, built and flew the first successful rigid dirigible, the LZ-1 • This led to the world’s first commercial airships • The Zeppelins were luxurious: • Roomy, wood-paneled cabins • Carried 20 or more passengers • They flew at speeds exceeding 40 miles an hour Chapter 1, Lesson 2

19. Cayley’s Gliders • Cayley identified three important aviation forces: • Lift • Drag, which is the pull, or slowing effect, of air on an aircraft • Thrust, which is the forward force driving an aircraft • In 1850 Cayley built the first successful full-size manned glider Chapter 1, Lesson 2

20. Otto Lilienthal • Otto Lilienthal of Germany is often called the “Father of Modern Aviation” • Between 1891 and 1896 he made more than 2,000 glides • He also developed a powered biplane • A biplaneisan aircraft with two main supporting surfaces, usually placed one above the other Chapter 1, Lesson 2

21. Samuel Langley • On 7 October 1903 his aircraft, the Aerodrome was ready for a test flight • The plane’s engine worked well, but the aircraft caught on the launching car on takeoff and fell into the river • Two months later, Langley tried—and failed—again • Government officials withdrew their support, so Langley gave up his project Chapter 1, Lesson 2

22. Samuel Langley • Historians fault Langley for spending too much time on how to power his aircraft, and not enough on how to control it • Even so, for his contributions to aviation, Langley Air Force Base in southeastern Virginia is named after him Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Courtesy of Senior Master Sgt. Keith Reed/the U.S. Air Force

23. The Wright Brothers

24. How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight • The Wrights chose a glider as their starting point • They could focus first on balancing and controlling the aircraft • Power (an engine) could come later • They applied what they learned at each step to make the next one go more smoothly Chapter 2, Lesson 1

25. Step One: Unmanned Box Kite • They discovered that they didn’t need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft: • Needed to twist only the ends of the wings • They called this process “wing warping” • In the summer of 1899, Wilbur Wright successfully tested the kite in a field Chapter 2, Lesson 1

26. Step Two: Manned Gilders • Between 1900 and 1902, the brothers built three gliders • Before putting a man aboard, they flew each glider like a kite • They wanted to test it for control and lift • Only after doing this would they put a man aboard Chapter 2, Lesson 1

27. The First Glider (1900) • In their experiments in 1900, the Wrights placed an elevator at the front of the glider • Earlier designers mounted elevators behind the wings • But the Wrights found it easier to control climb and descent when the elevator was placed forward Chapter 2, Lesson 1

28. The Second Glider (1901) • The first glider didn’t have nearly enough lift • So for their 1901 glider, the brothers increased the wing area to 290 square feet • This glider was also a big disappointment • The brothers couldn’t control it well when they tested it at Kill Devil Hills • It flew less than 300 feet—time to return to Dayton! Chapter 2, Lesson 1

29. The Wind Tunnel • The brothers built a wind tunnel in their bicycle shop to test model-size wings • Made them of sheet steel • Cut more than 200 model wings of different shapes Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Courtesy of Wright State University

30. The Third Glider • The third glider had: • Forward elevator • Elliptical shape • Longer, skinnier wings • Wing area of 305 feet • Low angle of attack • This design was a success • The brothers took to the air in the North Carolina dunes more than 700 times in the fall of 1902 Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA

31. Principles of Airplane Flight • An engine and propellers gave Wilbur and Orville the ability to use not only lift but also thrust to propel their plane • Vertically mounted propellers could provide the airflow for thrust • They needed 90 pounds of thrust to propel the Wright Flyer • Their 12-horsepower engine and the large propellers proved equal to the task Chapter 2, Lesson 1

32. Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army • The British and French governments were interested in buying the Flyer • But the brothers wanted the US government to have the first crack at owning a Wright Flyer • On 22 May 1906 they received a government patent for their invention Chapter 2, Lesson 1

33. Bids for a Government Plane • On 23 December 1907, Gen James Allen sent out a request for bids to build a plane for the government • The Wright Flyer met the bid requirements • Orville Wright signed a contract on 10 February 1908 selling the Flyer to the US government Chapter 2, Lesson 1

34. Developing Aircraft

35. Ailerons • An aileron is a small flap on the wing for controlling turns • Ailerons replaced the Wright brothers’ wing-warping technique • The aileron was a more effective means to move an aircraft left or right • It also provided lateral balance • The association introduced ailerons to America but the idea originated in England Chapter 2, Lesson 2

36. Louis Blériot • French pilot Louis Blériot was the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft • Although Blériot encountered problems—he got lost and his engine overheated—he managed to land safely • The flight took 37 minutes Chapter 2, Lesson 2

37. Bessie Coleman • Bessie Coleman faced two obstacles to becoming a pilot—her race and her gender; she overcame both • In 1921 Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license • She had to go to France for training because no flight school in the United States would accept her • She died in an airplane crash only four years after getting her license Chapter 2, Lesson 2

38. Air Power in World War I

39. Outbreak of WWI • Because of alliances among different nations in Europe, one country after another soon declared war • Soon the Allies were at war against the Central Powers http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated

40. The US Enters the War • US President Woodrow Wilson vowed that the United States would remain neutral • But over time, that proved impossible • German U-boats targeted all American ships headed toward Britain • Germany also made a secret deal with Mexico • The United States declared war on Germany and entered World War I in April 1917 Chapter 2, Lesson 3

41. The Lafayette Escadrille • Some American pilots didn’t wait for the United States to join the war • The French Foreign Legion could sign up these volunteers • In April 1916 seven American pilots formed a small fighting group called Escadrille Américaine • They had to change the name to the Lafayette Escadrille • By the time the United States Air Service brought the unit under its supervision in 1918, its pilots had made 199 kills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcsdyyVsX-4

42. Edward Rickenbacker • America’s ace of aces started out as a professional racecar driver • Col William (“Billy”) Mitchell helped Rickenbacker become a pilot • Rickenbacker rose from an enlisted Soldier to the rank of captain and took command of the 94th Squadron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Attk7tAgt8

43. Eugene Bullard • Bullard was the only African-American to serve as a pilot during World War I • Bullard signed up with the French Foreign Legion in October 1914 • He tried to join the US Air Service, but the Army turned him down • He shot down two German aircraft while in the French Air Service Chapter 2, Lesson 3

44. Stalemate • By 1917, the war in Europe was at a stalemate • A stalemateis a situation in which further action is blocked • A force was needed to tip the balance one way or the other • The Allies hoped that force would be the United States, which joined the effort in April Chapter 2, Lesson 3

45. The Role of Aircraft • Until WWI, most people thought the role of aircraft in combat was limited to aerial reconnaissance • Dropping bombs from the sky seemed an unlikely idea • Conducting battles between squadrons of planes also seemed far-fetched Chapter 2, Lesson 3

46. The Machine Gun • Another WWI innovation was the airplane-mounted machine gun • French pilot Roland Garros was the first to bolt an automatic rifle to his plane • The Germans asked Dutchman Anthony Fokker to improve it—he built an interrupting gear • But soon the Allies and the Central Powers were again on equal footing • The famous dogfights commenced—a dogfightis a battle between fighter planes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sd5ubG3HRi8

47. The Battle of Saint Mihiel • September 1918: Air power played a tremendous role in this offensive • Billy Mitchell commanded nearly 1,500 Allied airplanes • The Allied pilots had two goals: • To destroy German planes in the air • To destroy German aircraft in hangars on the ground • The Battle of Saint Mihiel helped lead to Allied victory two months later Chapter 2, Lesson 3

48. How the Airplane Revolutionized War • During WWI both sides sent up airplanes to shoot down observation aircraft • Each side had to protect its observation aircraft • Aerial combat was born • Once machine guns were mounted on planes, pilots could use them to strafe soldiers on the ground • To strafeis to attack with a machine gun from a low-flying aircraft Chapter 2, Lesson 3

49. Fighters • The fighter came into its own with the birth of the dogfight • These fighter aircraft needed three qualities: they had to be lightweight, fast, and maneuverable • By early 1918 fighters zipped along at a cool 130 mph Chapter 2, Lesson 3

50. Future of Aviation • Army staff officers still had their eyes focused on the infantry • They had no plans for their aviation section • But Brig Gen Billy Mitchell believed strongly in the future of aviation as an instrument in warfare • Today’s US Air Force still considers Mitchell one of its founding fathers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvAG080spwk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIfuss_IbBY Chapter 2, Lesson 3 Courtesy of the U.S. Air Force