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Animal Ecology

Animal Ecology. Word of the Day - Sapient. Biosphere. Populations. Biomes. Communities. Ecosystem. Physical Environment. The Hierarchy of Ecology. Organisms/Species. Fundamental Niche. Moisture. Realized Niche. Temperature. Ecological Niche vs Habitat. Fundamental Niche.

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Animal Ecology

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  1. Animal Ecology Word of the Day - Sapient

  2. Biosphere Populations Biomes Communities Ecosystem Physical Environment The Hierarchy of Ecology Organisms/Species

  3. Fundamental Niche Moisture Realized Niche Temperature Ecological Niche vs Habitat Fundamental Niche Realized Niche

  4. Population Ecology Population vs Deme Population Characteristics Age structure Sex ratio Growth rate Differ among demes Influenced by Life History Characteristics

  5. Life History Characteristics Age of first reproduction Number of offspring per litter Number of litters per lifetime Other Characteristics Mode of reproduction Survivorship

  6. Type I (humans) Type II (hydra,songbirds) % survival Type III (oysters) birth max. life span Survivorship Curves

  7. Population Growth birth rate (b) death rate (d) growth rate (r) r = b - d  Intrinsic rate of increase

  8. Exponential Growth Exponential Growth Arithmetic Growth

  9. Exponential Growth

  10. r = 0.14 r = 0.12 K # r = 0.10 time Carrying Capacity

  11. r1 = 0.14 K3 r2 = 0.12 K1 # r3 = 0.10 K2 time Carrying Capacity

  12. r = 0.10 K3 K1 r = 0.14 # r = 0.12 K2 time Logistic Growth

  13. Extrinsic Limits to Growth Density Dependent Factors • 1. Competition • Intraspecific • Interspecific Predation Parasitism 4. Disease

  14. Extrinsic Limits to Growth Density Independent Factors Abiotic factors Unpredictable, catastrophic events

  15. Community Ecology Community = association of different populations of organisms Species Diversity = the number of species that share a habitat Resource = anything in the ecosystem that a particular species requires

  16. Species Interactions Symbiosis Mutualism Obligate mutualism Facultative mutualism

  17. Species Interactions Symbiosis Commensalism

  18. Species Interactions Symbiosis Parasitism Ectoparasites Endoparasites

  19. Species Interactions Symbiosis Predation & Herbivory

  20. Species Interactions Competition Intraspecific Competition Interspecific Competition  LIMITING RESOURCES  Asymmetric Competition

  21. High Species 1 Overlap Moisture Species 2 Low Low High Temperature Species Interactions

  22. Resource Partitioning

  23. Resource Partitioning Character Displacement

  24. Predation Defense against herbivores Chemical Defenses

  25. Predation Defense against herbivores Physical Defenses

  26. Predation Defense against carnivores Warning Coloration Aposematic Coloration

  27. Predation Defense against carnivores Camouflage

  28. Predation Defense against carnivores Startle

  29. Predation Defense against carnivores Mimicry Batesian Mimicry Müllerian Mimicry

  30. Indirect Interactions Keystone Species

  31. From global cycles To global cycles heat heat Nutrient cycle Energy source respiration respiration Autotrophs (producers) Heterotrophs (consumers) Net primary productivity Herbivores Carnivores Detritivores Nutrient cycle Imported organic matter exported organic matter Energy Flow in Ecosystems

  32. Energy Flow in Ecosystems

  33. Trophic Pyramids

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