1960s

1. 1960s Chapter 38

2. “I Can” Statement • I can consider the views of reformers and traditionalists from the 1960s. • I can infer the intent of government officials in their response to the civil rights movement, the Cold War, and poverty.

3. New Frontier • John Kennedy became the youngest president ever elected (42, TR was 41). • Named his program the “New Frontier” • Appointed bright people to cabinet (Robert Kennedy Attorney General, Robert McNamara Sec. of Defense) • Created Peace Corps: young volunteers go to 3rd world nations to bring medical, agricultural, and educational advice. • Dual purpose: 1. Aid those in need 2. Containment of communism.

4. President Kennedy Timeline • 1961- Peace Corps • Berlin Wall built • Alliance for Progress • Bay of Pigs • Freedom Rides • 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis • Meredith enters “Ole Miss” • 1963- March on Washington • Birmingham campaign • Assassination

5. New Frontier • Southern Democrats begin to break ranks and join Republicans in opposition of Kennedy’s stance on Civil Rights and federal spending. • Very few of Kennedy’s initiatives, including health care and education reform passed Congress. • Stimulated the economy by cutting taxes. • Began the Apollo program in NASA to send humans to the moon.

6. Cold War • The Marshall Plan lead to a flourishing economy in Western Europe. • East Germans, caught under the wrath of communism, often escaped by moving to West Berlin. • The population decrease was a poor advertisement for communism. • In 1961, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev ordered the construction of the Berlin War around West Berlin. • The barrier stood as a physical symbol of the Iron Curtain that divided the world.

7. Flexible Response • Kennedy feared increased “Brushfire Wars” in small nations battling communism. • Laos’ civil war nearly saw American forces aiding the pro-democracy Laotians. • Flexible Response became a multi-option plan for fighting the Cold War. • Nuclear missiles would be stationed on the ground, in submarines, and on planes scattered around the globe. • Also, Kennedy created the Special Forces (Army Green Berets, Navy SEALS). • These specially trained “super soldiers” could be inserted into situations instead of mounting an all out invasion.

8. Vietnam • What Eisenhower began, Kennedy increased. • The Ngo Diem regime in South Vietnam was brutal, especially toward practicing Buddhists. • Diem was disliked by most Vietnamese, even in the South. • In 1961 Kennedy increased to number of US soldiers in Vietnam to 15,000. • Their mission was to train the South Vietnamese soldiers to fight their own civil war, but Americans quickly became involved in combat.

9. Vietnam • Diem became less like a present, and more like a dictator. • By 1963 Kennedy authorized a coup by the South Vietnamese Army that would assassinate Diem. • Weeks later, Kennedy died from an assassins bullet. • The US was becoming more heavily involved in Vietnam, and there didn’t appear to be a way out.

10. Latin America • Kennedy created the Alliance for Progress, an aid program to Latin America. • Never enough funding, did little to build good-will with our southern neighbors. • Kennedy also had to deal with Fidel Castro and a communist Cuba 90 miles away. • In 1961 Kennedy agreed to aid pro-democracy Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Castro. (Bay of Pigs) • At the last minute Kennedy backed out, stranding the exiles who were massacred by Castro. • The attempted invasion drove Castro closer to the USSR.

11. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962: USSR begins placing nukes in Cuba. • Kennedy had the 1. leave nukes 2. Military operations 3. blockade • 1. would put US in constant close-range danger • 2. would mean WWIII with USSR • He chose the blockade, and a tense standoff developed between USSR and US: Would the USSR run the blockade. • After a week of USSR ships approaching the blockade, whey turned and headed home. • US agrees to remove nukes from our ally Turkey, USSR removes nukes from Cuba.

12. Civil Rights • Kennedy needed the support of southern Democrats in order to push through civil rights legislation, they refused. • Freedom Riders: protest interstate bus segregation by riding through south (whites and blacks) • Mobs beat and bombed Freedom Riders until Kennedy sent marshals to escort them. • Kennedy and Martin King were tight, but FBI tapped King’s phones (believed commie connection) • SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (young people push for reform)

13. Civil Rights • College integration begins violently in south • James Meredith is protected by US Army at Ole Miss, still shot! • Birmingham Campaign • King uses TV to show brutality of segregation. • Children and others practice peaceful demonstrations, attacked by dogs and cops • Kennedy calls for a new civil rights law, but without southern Democrats it dies. • 1963: King gives “I have a dream” speech on Lincoln Memorial – violence continues • Medgar Evers (AA civil rights worker in MS) shot in front of children • Bomb at Birmingham Church kills 4 AA girls

14. Kennedy Assassination • Nov. 22, 1963 • Kennedy, wife, and VP Johnson visit Dallas, TX • While riding in a convertible (Remember Archduke Ferdinand!) Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald • Entire nation sees Kennedy die on TV, the nation grieves. • Oswald was murdered while being escorted from jail by Jack Ruby (TV) • Many think conspiracy, little evidence turned up. • Lyndon Johnson sworn in as 36th president

15. President Johnson Timeline • 1963- Kennedy assassinated • 1964- 24th Amendment • Freedom Summer • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Johnson reelected • Civil Rights Act • 1965- Voting Rights Act • 1966 • 1967- 6 Days War • 1968- Tet Offensive • King Assassinated • Robert Kennedy assasinated • Nixon elected • 1969

16. From JFK to LBJ • Kennedy had high hopes and ideas, but Congress didn’t cooperate • With Kennedy dead, the nation grieved, great time for Johnson to make Kennedy’s ideas come to life • Johnson urged Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to honor Kennedy’s memory • Law banned discrimination and segregation in public (libraries, hospitals, restaurants, etc.) • Also created the Equal Opportunities Commission for fairness in hiring

17. Gulf of Tonkin • 1964: US ships off coast of North Vietnam claim they are attacked under stormy condition. • Johnson needed to look tough on communism (election year!) went to Congress to ask for increase in military in Vietnam • Congress signs the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. • Resolution not a declaration of war, but gives the pres. Full authority to use any force necessary in Vietnam. • Congress foolishly expands executive authority.

18. Great Society • Johnson envisioned a “New Deal” like plan to end poverty in the US. • His Great Society attempted to increase education, decrease disease, and bring everyone up to the middle class. • Programs • Job Corps • VISTA • Medicare • Medicaid • HUD • Head Start • Civil Rights legislation

19. Voting Rights • Kennedy’s legacy help usher in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (ended de jure segregation in public accommodations, employment). • The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes, but many southern AA were still denied suffrage (literacy tests, intimidation). • 1964: Freedom Summer • Hundreds of AA and white northerners descend upon Mississippi to register AA voters. • 2 white and 1 AA volunteers disappear, and are later found murdered (along with 8 other AA men) • FBI sends 150 agents to investigate. • 21 arrested, including sheriff; little jail time served

20. Freedom Summer

21. Voting Rights • 1965: Selma Campaign • Dr. King marches peacefully to draw attention to suffrage in Alabama. • AL state troopers and Klansmen attack and protesters, killing 2 (both white) • Due to the civil disobedience, violent response, and television coverage of Selma and Freedom Summer Congress finally acts. • The Voting Rights Act of 1965 finally enforced the 15th Amendment. AA could now vote in the South.

22. Selma Campaign

23. Black Power • King’s nonviolence seemed too slow for Baby Boomer AA. • Some AA began to promote "Black Power”, a philosophy that advocated violence and black separatism. • Malcolm X • Follower of the Nation of Islam (Not mainstream Islam) • Called whites “devils”, denounced King’s tactics. • Later converted to Islam and promoted peace. • Killed by fellow Nation of Islam follower.

24. Black Power Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael

25. Black Power • Black Panther Party • Armed militants in California • Openly clashed and attacked police • Stokely Carmichael • Leader of SNCC • took group into a violent direction • Black Power launched a wave of riots in AA neighborhoods in the north and west. • Los Angles • Detroit • Newark • Hundreds killed (AA and white), AA neighborhoods and businesses destroyed

26. Watts 1965

27. Reaction to Black Power • Moderate whites recoiled at the violence associated with Black Power. • Further potential progress was slowed as nation moved focus from Civil Rights to Vietnam. • Accomplishments of Civil Rights • Ended de jure segregation • AA suffrage not prohibited • Increased educational opportunities • Less AA in poverty • Many AAs in government

28. Dr. King Assassination • King still held onto his nonviolent tactics, opposed Black Power. • 1968 he turned toward helping those in poverty. • Planned a march in Memphis to promote unionization • Shot and killed by James Ray. • His death lead to more violent riots. • Became a martyr for the cause of Civil Rights. • Did his dream become a reality???????

30. Fighting Communism • Dominican Republic • 1965 • Threat of “Cuba-like” revolution in DR • Johnson orders Army to invade island • End of “Good Neighbor Policy”, return to Roosevelt Corollary (Gunboat Diplomacy) • Six Days War • 1967 • Egypt , backed by USSR invaded Israel (US support) • Israel wins, takes land from Egypt • 1 million Arabs under Jewish control • Middle East becomes Powder Keg waiting to explode

31. Vietnam • Terms • Viet Cong: South Vietnamese that supported North Vietnam • Operation Rolling Thunder: 1965 aerial bombing campaign of North Vietnam • Escalation: gradual increase of troop numbers • 1968: 500,000 troops • Napalm: Sticky, flammable jelly used for bombs, created widespread destruction • Agent Orange: Deforestation chemical used to destroy jungles that provide cover for the enemy, also causes cancer, birth defects.

32. Agent Orange

33. Antiwar Protests • As escalation increased, so did dove activism • Drafted men usually served proudly. • Others fled to Canada or burned draft cards • Muhammad Ali went to prison • Baby Boomers lead demonstrations • Defense Sec. McNamara opposes increased involvement, resigns. • LBJ repeatedly tries to convince public of good intent. In fact the majority of Americans support the efforts. • FBI and CIA spy on antiwar movement.

34. Johnson Breaks • Vietnam personally affected LBJ • He open wept over the American losses (58,000) • 1968: Tet Offensive • Viet Cong attack 27 US military bases in SV. • Catches US off guard, US wins battle. • Communists win a political battle. • TV reports demonstrate that the communists won’t back down in the face of US military superiority.

35. Johnson Breaks • 1968 an election year • Doves like Senator Eugene McCarthy and AG Robert Kennedy enter race; campaign to end war. • LBJ shocks nation when he refuses to run for reelection. • Begins to negotiate for peace.

36. 1968 Election • VP Hubert Humphrey • Dem; Hawk • Sen Eugene McCarthy • Dem; Dove • Sen Robert Kennedy • Dem; Dove • Brother of JFK, former Attorney General • Front runner, until his assassination

37. 1968 Democratic Convention • Chicago • Thousands of antiwar protesters gathered in streets • Protesters became violent, attacked police • Police fight back, caught on tv; public believes too brutal. • Humphrey selected as Dem candidate • Humphrey campaigns on his pro-war agenda • To most of the nation, and world Democrats look disorganized, fighting amongst theirselves.

38. 1968 Democratic Convention

39. 3rd Party • Alabama Governor George Wallace • Pro segregation • “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!” • Hawk: “bomb them back into the stone age”

40. Who did we leave out? • The Republicans • Low key campaign in 1968 • Nominate VP Richard Nixon • Nixon: • Hawk, but willing to negotiate • Anticrime, appealed to masses upset with hippies, black power

41. 1968 Election

42. LBJ Reflection • Toward his last days he tried to negotiate a peace with North Vietnam, failed • LBJ wanted to be remembered for civil rights, war on poverty • His Great Society is largely forgotten today, funds were diverted for military • Was LBJ a great president? • Should he have escalated Vietnam? • What about Tonkin? Did it really happen? • Died 4 years later.

43. Counterculture • 1960s: Birth of Conservative v. Liberal views • Gap widens between older generation and Baby Boomers • Church attendance drops. • Evangelical Christians grow, become quite defensive of ways. • Trust in authority vanished (government, church, parents, schools) • Gap between rich and poor widened despite War on Poverty

44. From Beatnik to Hippies • Leather clad outsiders of 50s morphed into long haired followers of 60s • Youth active in Civil Rights, Anti Vietnam, Feminism, and gay rights movements • Many “dropped out and turned on” to drugs • Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco

45. Sexual Revolution • 1960: birth control pill approved • Women had more control over their lives • “Feminine Mystique” written by Betty Friedan influences women to remain single, push for equal rights.

46. Gay Rights • Homosexuals became more open about their lifestyle • 1969: Cops and gays clash in the Stonewall Riots in NY

47. Organizations • SDS: Students for Democratic Society • Lead many protest including 1968 Democratic Convention • Often resulted to violence, terrorism • Many members became heavily affected by drugs • AIM: American Indian Movement • Youth influenced by Civil Rights, fought to get recognition of treaties • Captured Alcatraz for months, largely ignored • Wounded Knee 2- Hostage and militant stand off on Wounded Knee Reservation

48. Counterculture Reflections • Counterculture had an impact- Civil Rights achievements, government corruption exposed. • Awakened the Silent Majority of America that wanted values and conservative agendas • Lead directly to conservative revolution of 1980s----------