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1960s

1960s. JFK, Drugs, Rock, Space, & Vietnam. John “Jack” Fitzgerald Kennedy. Before politics: Family wealth: father made over $100 million in stock market during Depression WWII: served as a commander of a PT boat in S. Pacific 1943: boat rammed by Japanese boat and sunk

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1960s

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  1. 1960s JFK, Drugs, Rock, Space, & Vietnam

  2. John “Jack” Fitzgerald Kennedy • Before politics: • Family wealth: father made over $100 million in stock market during Depression • WWII: served as a commander of a PT boat in S. Pacific • 1943: boat rammed by Japanese boat and sunk • Hurt back and saved crew member • Received various medals • Congressional career • 1946: elected to House • 1952: elected to Senate

  3. Election of 1960: JFK (D) v. Nixon (R)—Ike’s VP • Why JFK was popular: • Young, attractive, good speaker, WWII vet • Disliked due to Catholic—could he be trusted?

  4. Sept/Oct 1960: first TV debates ever • Nixon appears old, uncomfy, and “ugly” • JFK appeared healthy & young • Radio listeners thought Nixon won • TV viewers thought JFK won—gained momentum into election • Election results: JFK 303-219

  5. New Frontier: • Personal responsiblity • Increase gov’t spending to stop inflation & unemployment • Tried to force labor unions to let wages go down—stop inflation—angered the mafia • Blamed steel companies for causing prices to inflate • Cancelled gov’t contracts w/ steel companies • Area Redevelopment Act: aid to regions that were “backwards” (WV & KY)

  6. Flexible Response: have options besides nuclear option • Win the hearts & minds of 3rd world • Created Peace Corps—volunteers to 3rd world • Green Berets sent to 3rd world • Sent billions of $ to Africa & Latin America

  7. Bay of Pigs invasion: April 17, 1961 • JFK felt Castro taunted US over rise of Cuba • CIA trained anti-Castro refugees for invasion • 1500 rebels stopped instantly by Cuba • 1200 survivors taken prisoner • JFK changed mind over military use @ last second • Forced Cuba even closer to USSR

  8. Cuban Missile Crisis: Oct. 22, 1962 • N. Khrushchev sent missiles to Cuba (some nuclear) • U2 spy plane proved launch pads in place • JFK orders naval blockade of Cuba • Demands USSR remove missiles • Nuclear “Chicken” • Khruschev blinks • JFK promised never to invade Cuba again • MAD

  9. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: 1963 • Ended underwater & atmosphere testing • Created hotline btw leaders

  10. JFK’s personal life • Charisma of Kennedy family--Camelot • Married wife Jacqueline in 1953 • Jackie became epitomy of beauty & grace • Popularized many fashion trends • Caroline Kennedy & Jack Jr. (died in plane crash in 1990s) • Well-known womanizer • Marilyn Monroe

  11. JFK assassination: Nov. 22, 1963 • Dallas, TX • 12:30 PM: topless Presidential motorcade travels from airport through city—drives by Book Depository • Lee Harvey Oswald arrested • Shot by Jack Ruby 2 days later • 3 day funeral in DC followed

  12. Warren Commission: • Chief Justice Earl Warren • 10 month investigation • Oswald & Ruby acted alone • Conspiracy theories:

  13. 1960s culture • Counterculture: values that run counter to the main group • Hippie: • Find new meaning to life • Dress/appearance—vagrant style • Non-conformist • Non-violent pacifists • Supportive of civil rights

  14. Haight-Ashbury District (San Fran)—Golden Gate Park

  15. Drug Culture • Marijuana • LSD/Acid • Psychedelic/hallucinogen—alter thought processes • Tim Leary—writer, psychologist, professor • Icon of movement • “Turn on, tune in, drop out” • Free Love—sexual revolution • Love shouldn’t be “regulated” • Summer of Love (1967) • Gatherings in major cities (San Fran was epicenter) • Communal living

  16. Folk music • Simpler music—more reliance on acoustics—less “production” • Story-telling—Protest Songs • Rejects boundaries of rigid musical rules • Bob Dylan • Joan Baez • Janis Joplin

  17. British invasion: • 1964-1967 • Influx of rock and pop groups from UK • Impacted movies (Bond) and fashion (hair & clothes) • The Beatles • February 9, 1964 • CBS News • Jimi Hendrix • Performance on Dick Cavett

  18. Woodstock • August 15-18, 1969 • Dairy farm in Bethel, NY (near village of Woodstock) • 500,000 concert goers • 32 popular acts • Janis Joplin • Grateful Dead • CCR • Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young • Jimi Hendrix • Meant to be a “for-profit” event • Had to make it free due to demand of tickets • Minds were open and love was free • Criticism: • Lack of security • Traffic jams • Rampant drug use • Lack of sanitation

  19. Consequences to the Hippie Movement • Rise in drug use • Rise in civil liberties for LBGT’s • Rise in STDs • Longer hair styles & decrease in popularity of neck ties • Increased popularity in Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism) • Increase in violent crimes

  20. Manson Family • Charles Manson • Life-long criminal • Song writer in Hollywood • Headed the “family”—communal group • Helter Skelter: term taken from Beatles—he defined as apocalyptic war btw blacks and whites • Beatles: confusion; loud nonsense

  21. Tate/LaBianca murders • Aug. 8-10, 1969: Helter Skelter begins • Went to LA home of actress Sharon Tate & director Roman Polanski • Bound, tortured, murdered, and mutilated 7 people • Randomly selected LaBianca household (Leno & Rosemary) • Manson & 4 family members arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death for murders • Sentence was commuted in 1970s to life in prison • Most members up for parole this or next year

  22. Motown/Soul • African American experience • Blues & gospel • Improvisational • Testifying quality • Aretha Franklin • James Brown • Ray Charles

  23. Other Cultural Phenomena • Pop Art—Andy Warhol • Books about race and gender & disillusionment—To Kill a Mockingbird, The Bell Jar, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest • Barbie & GI Joe • Cartoons: The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Alvin & the Chipmunks • Musicals became highly popular—Camelot, The Man of La Mancha • The MPAA was created—Hollywood ignored taboos on sex and vulgarity • Sports: Muhammad Ali, Super Bowl, & Jack Nicklaus

  24. 1964 election: LBJ (D) v. Barry Goldwater (R) • Johnson: carry on JFK policies • Goldwater: extremist conservative—wanted to fight Communism more aggressively • “Daisy” ad killed Goldwater campaign • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKs-bTL-pRg • LBJ won 486-52

  25. LBJ’s policies • Great Society • “spirit of activism”: gov’t should be active to improve lives • War on Poverty • Job Corps • Head Start • Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) • HUD • Medicare • Medicaid

  26. 1968 election • R. Nixon (R)—”law & order” • H. Humphrey (D)—continue Great Society & war on poverty • G. Wallace (Am. Ind.)—end desegregation • Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy (D) in CA (June 6, 1968) • RFK was JFK’s Attorney General • Senator after JFK’s death • Shot by SirhanSirhan • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmc2EzkRDkI

  27. Chicago Democratic Convention • Dems in chaos—King/Kennedy shot; LBJ won’t run again • Tossup btw Humphrey & Eugene McCarthy • McCarthy’s followers were strongly antiwar • Humphrey had not run in any primary election • Antiwar voters were angered & walked out • Protests ensued • Chicago police violently put down protests • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrlYRWD_tnA • Nixon: 301 • Humphrey: 191 • Wallace: 46

  28. Important Supreme Court cases • Gideon v. Wainwright—1963 • Courts must provide lawyers if defendant cannot afford one • Pool room robbery • Miranda v. Arizona—1966 • Confession only stands up if you are notified of your right to have an attorney during interrogation • Ernesto Miranda was arrested for multiple rapes • Police “tricked” Miranda into confessing to crimes

  29. 1965: Cesar Chavez & UFW • Mexican-American farm laborer • Organized the United Farm Workers union • Protested lack of fair treatment for Hispanic laborers & low wages • Led nationwide grape boycott • Led various local strikes against farm owners • Fought against companies bringing in illegal immigrants to replace legal immigrants for less money

  30. Space Race • Apollo Mission 1961-1975 • Manned missions to moon • July 20, 1969—Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin (11) • 5 other missions landed • Apollo 1—3 died in launch pad fire • Apollo 13—midair explosion crippled ship—all survived

  31. Vietnam War • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Aug. 1964: mistaken attack on US ship caused hostilities • Possible weather conditions caused sonar problems

  32. Operation Rolling Thunder: ‘65-’68 • Aerial bombings of North Vietnam • Plan was to destroy roads and morale of North • Many bombings used Agent Orange

  33. Tet Offensive: began Jan. 1969 • Tet: Vietnamese New Year • Surprise offensive • Attack US military & South Vietnamese civilians • Destroy morale and win war • Organized in 30 cities • Increased news coverage hurt US opinions

  34. Vietnamization (‘69-’75) • Plan to put S. Vietnam in charge of war efforts • Gradual troop withdrawals • Nixon caved into public pressure • We put more pressure on Cambodia & Laos—neighbors—bombings • Killed all public support for war • 1975: all US troops out—Ho Chi Minh took over South

  35. Effects On Vietnam On America Lack of trust & respect in gov’t Homeless vets—lack of support PTSD & drug abuse Over 50,000 dead • Countless civilians dead • Communism spread • Infrastructure of Vietnam destroyed • Increased refugees out of Vietnam—800,000 orphans • 200,000 disabled—Agent Orange

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