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Foreign Policy 1865-1914

Foreign Policy 1865-1914. I. Manifest Destiny ends on North America A. “Seward’s Folly” The Purchase of Alaska 1. Secretary of State’s (J.Q. Adams and William Seward best 2 of 19 th c) 2. $7.2 million, a New Imperialism begins

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Foreign Policy 1865-1914

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  1. Foreign Policy 1865-1914 I. Manifest Destiny ends on North America A. “Seward’s Folly” The Purchase of Alaska 1. Secretary of State’s (J.Q. Adams and William Seward best 2 of 19th c) 2. $7.2 million, a New Imperialism begins 3. Quest for resources (raw material) and markets (farm produce) B. Mexico and the French 1. Napolean III in Civil War in Mexico – Seward invokes Monroe Doctrine and confronts French. (Mexico will play a role thru Pancho Villa 1914) II. A New Imperialism, an International Darwinism A. Imperialism – a new age or the extended idea of manifest destiny? 1. Worldwide competition – Britain France Germany Russia, Japan all involved especially in Africa and Pacific. 2. Missionaries, Politicians, Naval Power, Popular press.

  2. New Imperialism and the Spanish American War 3. Latin America – James Blaine “from Maine” SofS, and the Pan American Conference 1889 – eventually morphs into the Organization of American States – 1948 a. Britain – Venezuelan dispute over Guiana forced to arbitrate, sets precedent continued throughout age. III. Spanish American War – “SPAM” A. Causes of War – Long Term 1. Jingoism – aggressive nationalistic foreign policy, represents division between imperialists and anti-imperialist (league) 2. Cuba – under heavy Spanish military control 3. Press – “Yellow Jornalism”–William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer SHORT TERM 1. De Lome Letter (1898) – exposed by NY Journal Heasrt 2. Sinking of the Maine – 266 killed, 1976 report says accidental… Notables: Mckinley’s War message and Teller Amendment – Cuba

  3. Spanish American War and other Pacific Interests B. Fighting The War 1. The Philippines – first, longest 1902(46), more costly 4k 2. Cuba – San Juan Hill, superior navy in Santiago Bay, role of disease C. Results of War 1. *Philippines ($20 M), Guam, Puerto Rico, **Cuba’s Independence 2. Treaty of Paris signed Dec. 10, 1898 – Senate 57-27 Anti-Imperialist 3. Cuba and Platt Amendment (violate Teller?) IV. Foreign Policy in Asia and Pacific A. Annexation of Hawaii 1. 1893 overthrew Queen 2. 1898 Annex 3. 1900/59 Territory / State B. Open Door Policy in China 1. John Hay SofS, delivers 1st of 2 rounds of notes to Britain, France, Japan, Russia, Germany proclaiming equal trade and Chinese integrity 2. 1900 Boxer Rebellion heightens tensions on trade interests 3. Hay’s 2nd round of notes received more support after Americans had participated in international force that suppressed rebellion.

  4. Foreign Policy of TR, Taft, and Wilson V. Theodore Roosevelt and “Big-Stick” Policy A. “Speak softly and carry a big stick” 1. Breaks from the tradition of non involvement - (WWI) 2. Russo-Japanese War 1905 (settled in Portsmouth, the mediator) 3. Great White Fleet – 1907-1909 a. Japan “Gentlemen’s Agreement” re: racism in CA 1908 b. Root-Takahira preserves Open Door policy 1908 B. Panama Canal – to maintain a global empire 1. US supported revolution in Colombia 1902 results in Treaty 1903 granting canal zone C. Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine) 1. Recall “no more colonization” warning to Europe 2. Europeans have many trade interests, and US pledges to make the interventions. 3. Long term results: Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, *Nicaragua Roosevelt, Wins Nobel Peace Prize 1906, and Participates in Second International Peace Conference at the Hague 1907

  5. Dollar Diplomacy and Moral Diplomacy VI. William Howard Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy A. Free Enterprise Diplomacy 1. A reliance on investor’s dollars rather than military 2. East Asia – Taft secures joint agreement for RR in China a. Manchuria is Russo Japanese held and US excluded 3. Latin America – Nicaragua in 1911, Civil War 1912, thru 1933 3. Lodge Corollary 1912 non Euro powers excluded from Americas VII. Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy A. First Term Morality – with sidekick as SofS William Jennings Bryan 1. Philippines – Bill of Rights, promise independence, and b/c territory. 2. Puerto Rican citizenship 3. Pays Panama Canal tolls B. Appearance of Anti Imperialist – but examine the record… 1. The Caribbean dominated by America: Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic - also Mexico is invaded in response to Pancho Villa. 2. As World War I is looming large…

  6. World War I 1914-1918 I. Outbreak of War in Europe A. Long Term Causation:Clash of Empires 1. Alliances 2. Nationalism 3. Militarism 4. Colonialism B. Immediate Causation: Events in Summer of 1914 1. 6/28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife shot. 2. 7/23 Austria-Hungary issues “ultimatum” and invades 7/27 3. 8/1 German Kaiser Wilhelm I declares war on Russia 4. 8/3 Germany declares war on France and invasion of Belgium 5. 8/4 Britain declares war on Germany II. A Precarious US Neutrality 1914-1916 A. The Imperialist Role 1. From Neutral  SPAM  World Power  Isolationist Nation B. Blockades and Neutrality 1. Britain – natural allies?, North Sea & Atlantic control, Propaganda 2. Germany – German Americans, (Unrestricted) Submarine Warfare

  7. Neutrality and American Entry into War (Blockades continued) 3. US Economy - 1914 early negative impact followed by a surge in trade with French-British. Results in German wolfpack efforts 1915-1916. C. Public Opinion at Home & The War Debate 1. Ethnicity of Immigrants plus Allied Democracies 2. British War Propaganda 3. German actions – The Lusitania Crisis and Sussex Pledge 4. Congress – Republican Preparedness (National Security League), b. National Defense Act of 1915 by Wilson 5. War Opposition – Bryan, Addams, Jeannette Rankin b. Populists, Progressives, and Socialists. III. America Enters the War (1917) A. Election of 1916 1. Wilson “He kept us out of war” v/s Charles Evans Hughes 2. End of Progressives - Republican Congressional majority in 1918

  8. American Entry and getting “Over There” B. US Entry into War 1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare resumes Jan 1917 2. Zimmerman Telegram – US Mexican relations 3. Russian Revolution (March) later the November or Bolshevik Revolution 4. March sinkings April 2 War message: “The world must be made safe for democracy.” IV. Mobilizing at Home and Abroad A. Executive Power Plays a Critical Role in “beating the clock.” 1. War Industries Board 2. Food and Fuel Administrations 3. National War Labor Board 4. Liberty Bonds and Financial Role B. Civil Liberties 1. Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts & Committee on PubIic Information 2. Schenck v. United States (1919) “clear and present danger” 3. Selective Service Act (1917) – Segregation in Armed Forces

  9. America at Home and Abroad (Over There) C. Effects of War on American Society 1. Increased opportunity in the job market. (Women, Af-Am, others) 2. The Great Migration - (s) (inclusive of Southwest) V. “Over There” A. Wilson’s Fourteen Points 1. January 1918 to Congress 2. Foreshadows League of Nations – “Isolation OR Internationalism” B. War at Sea and American Expeditionary Force (AEF) 1. Convoy System July 1917 proves effective 2. Conscription (draft) effective – 4 million man army 3. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by Gen. Pershing C. Drive to victory on “The Western Front” 1. June 1918 German offensive Chateau-Thierry stopped 2. Counteroffensive at Belleua Wood 3. August – October 1918 Allies through Argonne Forest 4. Armistice 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month, 1918 5. Casualties – 49k in battle but Flu Epidemic 1917

  10. Making Peace and (Immediate) Postwar America VI. Treaty of Versailles A. The Fourteen Points 1. The Last Point – League of Nations can’t get through Congress 2. The Big Four – Britain, France, Italy, America 3. Jan 1919 – Treaty Terms don’t accept “Peace without victory” - guilt and reparations - self-determination - League of Nations B. Battle for Ratification (of the Treaty of Versailles) 1. Republican senators and Isolation – no violation of Monroe Doctrine 2. Henry Cabot Lodge as leading “reservationist” 3. Wilson decides to take it to the people and pass the full Treaty with League. Results = exhausting tour, on Sept 25, 1919 Wilson collapses. 4. Not until 1921 is peace with Germany made, separate from Treaty. VII. Postwar Problems A. Economy - 1. Demobilization 2. Labor Strife resurfaces B. Society - 1. Red Scare, Palmer Raids 2. Race Riots

  11. Making Generalization • What is the major change over time category? PERSIA • What do all events have in common? • How can you explain that common theme and give evidence that one or two of these events highlight that theme?

  12. Government Action War Industries Board Food and Fuel Administrations National War Labor Board Liberty Bonds Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts Committee on PubIic Information Schenck v. United States (1919) “clear and present danger” Selective Service Act (1917) – Segregation in Armed Forces

  13. Generalizations (5 sentences) Typical of wartime society and government, unity and efficiency became paramount objectives during The Great War in America. Industry was highly regulated by new government agencies (War Industries Board, Food and Fuel Administrations) to maximize production of armaments. An important effect of a push for unity was a limit on certain civil liberties; from quieting union agitation (National War Labor Board), to silencing open criticisms with Espionage Act and Sedition Act. The government continued to function in its separate branches, but that the three branches were a united fron was evident when Oliver Wendell Holmes defined Charles Schenck’s activities as a “clear and present danger.” The “return to normalcy” was not a smooth transition, leaving important effects from WWI on America.

  14. Red Scare (of 1920s) • 1917 Bolshevik Revolution • Seattle General Strike • Boston Police Strike • Steel Strike • UMW Strike • Palmer Raids • A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial • KKK resurgence • Immigration Act of 1921 • And National Origins Act of 1924 • Nativism • Racism • Socialists, Communists

  15. Be Cool Coolidge, [Big Business] • “trickle down theory” of tax policy • Technology of economy • Electricity in home: • Refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners...more • Aluminum & Synthetics • Assembly Lines • Frederick W. Taylor and Scientific Management • Henry Ford – Model T • Airplane, Wright Bros. • Kitty Hawk to Lindbergh • Radio • Movies • The Great Train Robbery to Jazz Singer • Welfare Capitalism • Consumer Credit • Buying on Margin

  16. Dr. Sigmund Freud • Margaret Sanger • Flappers • Equal Rights Amendment • Alice Paul • Jazz Age: Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington • Harlem Renaissance • Poets Langston Hughes, Claude McKay • Marcus Garvey – UNIA • Back to Africa Movement • Lost Generation • Gertrude Stein • HL Mencken • F Scott Fitzgerald • Theodore Dreisler • Ernest Hemingway • William Faulkner • TS Eliot • Architect Frank Lloyd Wright – Guggenheim • disillusionment

  17. The Great Depression and the New Deal I. Causes and (concise) Legacy A. Immediate Cause “the Crash” (1929) 1. Bull Market – artificial rises in stocks 2. Speculation and buying on margin 3. Oct. 29, 1929 was Black Tuesday (previous week Black Thursday) B. Long Term Causes 1. Weak Industries – cotton, railroad, and food 2. Overproduction – supply and demand 3. Uneven Distribution of Wealth 4. Banking problems 5. Government policy and global problems C. Effects - The Great Depression ended Republican domination, and created expanded government from New Deal policy. The nation was devastated and ALL social classes were affected to a large degree. Socially, economically and politically the nation changed radically.

  18. World War I PRE/POST MAP

  19. Europe 1914 Europe 1933

  20. WWI MAPS

  21. Land was taken away from Germany and given to the winners.

  22. The treaty also created the new countries of Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia

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