American Foreign Policy 1898-1914 Part B

1. American Foreign Policy 1898-1914Part B

2. Regarding sea transportation, what link between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had long been desired by the United States and European powers? • They wanted a canal through Central America that would link the two great oceans

3. 2. What were some potential sites for a canal? • Across Nicaragua, a nation with a large lake • Across the Panama Isthmus, an area that belonged to Columbia 3. What did the 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty do? • Great Britain gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control a Central American canal • Prior to this treaty, the U.S. and Britain planned to share custody of the canal

4. 4. In 1903, the U.S. decided to build a canal through what route? • Panama 5. For $40 million the United States brought the rights to the route from whom? • A French company

5. 6. But what country controlled the Province of Panama in 1903? • Columbia • The U.S. needed Columbian permission to begin construction 7. When negotiations between Columbia and the U.S. broke down, what happened? • A Panamanian revolt against Columbia broke out • On November 3, 1903 nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present offshore when Panama declared its independence from Columbia

6. 8. What happened 15 days later? • The U.S. and the new nation of Panama reached an agreement in which the United States purchased the “canal zone” for $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000 • Payments were scheduled to begin in 1913

7. 9. What were some of the key achievements and events in constructing the Panama Canal? • Builders had to fight yellow fever and malaria • The soft volcanic soil was hard to remove • Work began in 1904 • More than 43,000 workers were employed at one point • Many of the workers were Blacks from the British West Indies • More than 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease • It cost the U.S. about $380 million to build

8. 10. About how long is the Panama Canal? • 51 miles 11. The Panama Canal, due to the hilly terrain, uses locks to raise and lower ships a total of how many feet over the entire journey? • 170 feet

9. 12. What was the Roosevelt Corollary? • In 1904, President Teddy Roosevelt declared that political disorder in Latin America might force the U.S. to intervene in Latin American affairs as a “police power” in order to protect American interests

10. 13. What was Dollar Diplomacy? • A U.S. policy in which the American government would use American diplomatic/military power to guarantee loan payments from Latin American governments who owed money to American banks

11. 14. What was Missionary Diplomacy? • Woodrow Wilson’s approach to foreign policy in Latin America in which the U.S. maintained a moral opposition towards Latin American regimes that were oppressive, undemocratic, or a threat to American interests • Missionary Diplomacy added the notion that the U.S. had a moral responsibility to promote good behavior by nations in the Western Hemisphere.

12. 15. From about 1876 to 1910, who ruled Mexico with an iron hand, so to speak? • President Porfirio Diaz 16. In 1911, under the leadership of Francisco Madero, overthrew Diaz and launched what? • The Mexican Revolution

13. 17. Under Porfirio Diaz, who controlled much of Mexico’s natural resources? • Foreign investors 18. Under Porfirio Diaz, what was the lot of most Mexicans? • Most were poor

14. 19. When VictorianoHeurta overthrew Madero, how did President Woodrow Wilson respond? • Wilson refused to recognize (i.e. acknowledge the legitimacy of) the government of Huerta 20. What did the United States do in Mexico in 1914? • In response to Mexican arrests of American sailors, Wilson ordered the U.S. Marine Corps to invade and occupy Vera Cruz, a Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico

15. 21. The U.S. seizure of Vera Cruz, Mexico nearly brought about what? • War between the U.S. and Mexico 22. What happened to the Huerta regime? • It collapsed and a new regime under Venustiano Carranza came to power in 1915 • Missionary Diplomacy had helped bring about a change of leadership in Mexico • Wilson recognized the Carranza government

16. 23. What two important Mexican revolutionaries opposed Carranza? • Emiliano Zapata • Pancho Villa 24. When Wilson backed Carranza, how did Pancho Villa respond? • He attacked mining interests in northern Mexico • He crossed the U.S. border and attacked Columbus, New Mexico in early 1916

17. 25. How did the United States respond to Pancho Villa’s “invasion” of the United States? • Wilson sent General “Blackjack” Pershing with a force of American soldiers to chase down Pancho Villa • Pershing’s troops never caught Pancho Villa

18. 26. In June 1916, U.S. troops clashed with whom? • Carranza’s troops • War again seemed imminent 27. In February 1917, Wilson did what? • Ordered U.S. troops out of Mexico

19. 28. In 1917, Mexico created a constitution that did what? • Granted Mexican government control over its oil and mineral resources • Placed restrictions on foreign investment in Mexico • Mexico’s 1917 Constitution is still in effect today

20. 29. In 1920, who took power in Mexico? • Alvaro Obregon, a moderate • The Mexican Revolution was largely over 30. What were several of the United States’ foreign policy achievements of the early 20th century? • Expanded access to foreign markets • Built a modern navy • Exercised its international “police power” in Latin America